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Deschloroketamine
2'-Oxo-PCM
DCK, 2'-Oxo-PCM, O-PCM, DXE
Deschloroketamine is a dissociative research chemical of the arylcyclohexylamine class. Structurally analogous to ketamine but lacking the chlorine substitution on its phenyl ring, it produces dissociative, anesthetic, and hallucinogenic effects. It is reported to be more potent than ketamine with a longer duration of action.1 The substance is primarily available through online research chemical vendors as a designer drug.
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Doses are population estimates that vary widely between individuals.
Threshold~10 mg
Light10-20 mg
Moderate20-30 mg
Strong30-50 mg
Heavy50+ mg
Duration
Onset10-30 minutes
Come Up30-60 minutes
Peak1.5-2.5 hours
Offset1-2 hours
After Effects3-24 hours
Total4-6 hours
Subjective Effects
Legacy content. A statistically backed ontology from Mindstate Design Labs is coming soon.
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
Cognitive
DepersonalizationDerealizationConsciousness disconnectionMemory suppressionEgo deathThought decelerationImmersion enhancementInformation processing suppressionTime distortionEuphoriaIntrospectionDéjà vuConceptual thinkingCompulsive redosingAnxietyDisinhibitionAmnesiaCreativity enhancementLanguage suppressionExistential self-realization
Visual
Distortions
Auditory
See also: Dissociative Intensity Scale, Subjective Effects of Dissociatives
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
In experimental receptor assays, deschloroketamine antagonized recombinant human NMDA receptors with activity comparable to ketamine; the S-enantiomer was more potent than the R-enantiomer. Rat experiments also found ketamine-like locomotor stimulation, place preference, and disruption of prepulse inhibition. These animal findings describe hazard-relevant experimental effects and must not be converted into human dose or effect predictions.citation needed
Pharmacokinetics
Human pharmacokinetics remain uncharacterized. After subcutaneous administration in Wistar rats, deschloroketamine reached maximum brain levels at 30 minutes and remained high at 2 hours. Rat studies identified nordeschloroketamine, trans-dihydrodeschloroketamine, and cis- and trans-dihydronordeschloroketamine. Recombinant CYP2B6 can N-demethylate deschloroketamine in vitro, but this does not establish the dominant enzyme or clearance pathway in humans.2
Metabolitesnone documented yet
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Caution
Use cautionThese combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
Tolerance
Tolerance timelines are rules of thumb, not exact schedules, and vary widely between individuals and use patterns.
Full Tolerance
With prolonged or repeated DCK use, tolerance can develop to multiple effects, so comparable responses may require higher doses over time.
Baseline Reset
1-2 weeks
Half Tolerance
3-7 days
Cross Tolerance
Dissociatives
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
ModerateWith repeated use, deschloroketamine may present a moderate addiction risk, carries meaningful abuse potential, and may lead to psychological dependence. Reports also describe compulsive redosing during use.
Physical
LowWhen addiction develops, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur upon sudden cessation of use, though the severity and nature of physical withdrawal symptoms are not well-characterized.
Toxicity
Urinary System
Chronic frequent use may cause bladder and urinary tract problems similar to those seen with ketamine, including urinary frequency, urgency, pelvic and bladder pain, hematuria, and incontinence; these effects appear to occur to a lesser extent than with ketamine and can be avoided by limiting use to occasional rather than daily or weekly consumption.
Antibiotic Function
Possible
Antibacterial properties have been speculated but only minimally investigated. If real, prolonged frequent use could potentially disrupt gut microbiome or affect immune function, though this has not been confirmed as a concern at reasonable low-frequency use levels.
Psychosis Risk
Dissociatives including DCK carry a risk of adverse psychological reactions such as mania, hypomania, delusions, and confusion. Mania is listed as a potential acute cognitive effect. Risk may be elevated when combined with stimulants.
History & Culture
Discovery and Synthesis
Deschloroketamine was first described in a 1966 patent filed by Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis in Michigan. Stevens, who is also credited with the synthesis of ketamine and phencyclidine, outlined the preparation methods for this structurally related compound.citation needed Despite this early
Trip Reports
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Legality
International
Deschloroketamine is not listed in the schedules of the 1961, 1971 or 1988 United Nations drug conventions. The UNODC substance record identifies deschloroketamine as a phencyclidine-type new psychoactive substance but does not assign an international scheduling entry; national controls may nevertheless apply.
By Country
Illegal22
ArgentinaIllegalDecreto 122/2026 replaces Annex I of Decreto 560/2019. The current Annex I lists Descloroketamina, synonym 2'-oxo-PCM, with the chemical designation 2-(metilamino)-2-fenil-ciclohexanona (IUPAC: 2-(metilamino)-2-fenil-ciclohexan-1-ona), as entry 379. The decree was published on 2 March 2026 and provides that it enters into force the following day, 3 March 2026. Under Decreto 560/2019, substances in Annex I are estupefacientes; Ley 23.737 criminalizes unauthorized production, commerce, distribution, transport, supply, and possession of estupefacientes.
AustraliaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), ss 301.1, 301.4 and 301.9; Criminal Code Regulations 2019, Schedule 1 cl 1 item 146 and Schedule 2 cl 1 item 110891011
At Commonwealth level, deschloroketamine (DCK; 2'-Oxo-PCM, O-PCM, DXE) is covered as a controlled-drug and border-controlled-drug analogue of listed ketamine. Section 301.9 covers structural modifications including replacement of specified groups or atoms, including halogen and hydrogen, and any other chemical derivative or substance substantially similar in chemical structure; the Regulations list ketamine in both controlled-drug and border-controlled-drug schedules. The Poisons Standard also lists ketamine in Schedule 8 and states that references to a substance include its derivatives unless otherwise stated.
BelgiumIllegalRoyal Decree of 6 September 2017 regulating narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and soporifics1617
Deschloroketamine is expressly listed in the Belgian consolidated controlled-substances schedule under its chemical name 2-(methylamino)-2-phenylcyclohexan-1-one. The decree subjects listed narcotic and psychotropic substances to its authorization and control regime, so possession, import, supply and other handling require the applicable authorization.
CanadaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)The Act defines an analogue as a substance having a substantially similar chemical structure to a controlled substance. Schedule I, item 14 covers phencyclidine, its salts, derivatives and analogues, and salts of derivatives and analogues, expressly including ketamine. Deschloroketamine (DCK) is a structural ketamine analogue (the 2-chloro substituent is absent), so it is treated as covered by this analogue language. Subject to statutory or regulatory authorization, possession, trafficking, importation, exportation, and production of Schedule I substances are prohibited under sections 4(1), 5(1), 6(1), and 7(1).
ChileIllegalDecreto Supremo N.º 867 (amended by Decreto N.º 298, 2018)20
Chile lists deschloroketamine in the Article 1 controlled-substances schedule of Decreto Supremo N.º 867, the regulation implementing Ley N.º 20.000. The substance is identified as 2-metilamino-2-fenil-ciclohexanona and is also known as 2-(metilamino)-2-fenil-ciclohexanona (DXE). The Ministry of the Interior’s national NPS report records the substance’s detection in Chile and recommends its inclusion in Article 1 because of its PCP-type dissociative profile and serious health risks.
ChinaIllegal2025 Non-Medical Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Catalogue (《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品目录》), entry 1532122
China lists deschloroketamine (DCK; 2′-Oxo-PCM; 2-phenyl-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone; CAS 7063-30-1) as entry 153 in the 2025 《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品目录》. The catalogue is jointly issued by the Ministry of Public Security, National Health Commission, and National Medical Products Administration and takes effect on 21 July 2025. Under the amended 《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》, non-medical narcotic and psychotropic substances are controlled and may be researched only under the regulation, while production, business operations, use, storage, and transport are prohibited.
Czech RepublicIllegalGovernment Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll. on lists of addictive substances (Nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.), Annex 4 (List No. 4 of psychotropic substances)23242526
The Czech Republic lists deschlorketamin in Annex 4 to Government Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll., with the chemical name 2-(methylamino)-2-fenylcyklohexan-1-on. Section 1(d) of the regulation defines Annex 4 as the list of psychotropic substances whose use is limited to research, scientific and very limited therapeutic purposes specified in a handling permit. The Czech Customs Administration identifies substances listed in Annexes 1–7 of this regulation, including deschloroketamine, as addictive substances.
DenmarkIllegalExecutive Order No. 405 of 26 March 2026 on euphoric substances27
Denmark's current executive order on euphoric substances lists deschloroketamine (2-oxo-PCM) in List B. The order prohibits or restricts production, possession, sale, purchase, delivery, receipt, import and export of substances on the lists except as authorized.
GermanyIllegalControlled under the Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz (New Psychoactive Substances Act) since July 18, 2019. Production and import with intent to distribute, administration to others, and trading are criminal offenses. Possession is prohibited but not subject to criminal penalties.
IndonesiaIllegalRegulation of the Minister of Health No. 14 of 2025 on amendments to the psychotropic classification35
Indonesia's 2025 psychotropic regulation lists deschloroketamine (deschloroketamin) in Psychotropic Group I. Group I psychotropics are subject to the strictest prohibition and control regime under Indonesia's narcotics and psychotropics law.
IsraelIllegalDangerous Drugs Ordinance [New Version], 5733–1973, First Schedule, Part B, Section A, item 22ג, as amended by the Dangerous Drugs Notification (Amendment of the First Schedule to the Ordinance), 5781–20203940
Israel lists deschloroketamine (דסכלורוקטמין; Deschloroketamine) in the First Schedule, Part B, Section A, item 22ג, of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance [New Version], 5733–1973. The listing also covers structural derivatives and identifies 2-(methylamino)-2-phenyl-cyclohexanone, DXE, DCK, and 2-Oxo-PCM as names. As a listed dangerous drug, its possession and use are prohibited unless permitted under the Ordinance or by licence.
ItalyIllegalMinisterial Decree of 13 March 2020 (20A01820), updating Table I of Presidential Decree 309/19904142
Italy expressly lists descloroketamina in Table I of Presidential Decree 309/1990 through the Ministry of Health decree of 13 March 2020. The listing gives the chemical designation 2-(metilamino)-2-fenil-cicloesanone and therefore places the named substance in Italy's controlled-drug regime. The decree takes effect on the fifteenth day after publication in the Gazzetta Ufficiale.
JapanIllegalMHLW notice designating substances under the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Act43
Japan designates deschloroketamine (DCK/DXE) as a designated substance under the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Act. Manufacture, import, sale, possession and use are generally prohibited except for legally permitted medical, research or other authorized purposes.
LatviaIllegalLaw on the Procedures for the Coming into Force and Application of the Criminal Law, Annex 2, Section II (Schedule I), paragraph 11, item 9 (1-arylcyclohexylamines and (1-arylcyclohexyl)methanamines), read with the Law on the Legal Trade of Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances and Medicinal Products and also Precursors, Sections 3(2)-(3) and 54445461
Deschloroketamine (DCK; 2-methylamino-2-phenylcyclohexanone) has an unsubstituted phenyl aryl group, a methyl-substituted amino group, and a cyclohexane-ring carbonyl, matching the current generic 1-arylcyclohexylamine definition. The current consolidated Annex 2 places that definition in Section II, paragraph 11, item 9, and the current text identifies the Annex 2 consolidation as amended through 1 December 2025. Section 3(2)-(3) of the companion law makes Annex 2 the controlled-substance list and identifies Schedule I as prohibited especially dangerous substances; Section 5 prohibits cultivation, manufacture, preparation, import, export, distribution, advertising, transport, storage, transfer, purchase, use, and transit of Schedule I substances. Section 7 provides only a narrow permit framework for specified research, physical/chemical testing, or educational purposes.
New ZealandIllegal (analog/blanket ban)New Zealand treats a substance with a structure substantially similar to a controlled drug as a controlled-drug analogue under section 2(1) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975, and the analogue provisions capture such substances as Class C controlled drugs. Deschloroketamine (DCK; 2'-Oxo-PCM, O-PCM, or DXE) is the deschloro analogue of ketamine and therefore falls within that Class C analogue treatment unless a statutory exclusion applies. Medsafe identifies ketamine itself as a Class C4 controlled drug and states that activities involving controlled drugs, including possession, prescribing, supply, and administration, are more tightly controlled.
PolandIllegalRegulation of the Minister of Health of 17 August 2018 on the list of psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs and new psychoactive substances, as amended by the Regulations of 30 April 2025 and 7 July 2026 (consolidated text: Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1139; amendments: Dz.U. 2025 poz. 598 and Dz.U. 2026 poz. 934)62636465
As of 24 August 2026, Poland's current official schedule lists deschloroketamine (DCK; deschloroketamina) by the exact structural name 2-fenylo-2-(metyloamino)-cykloheksan-1-on in Annex 3, Part 1, item 42, the list of new psychoactive substances. The 2024 publication is an Obwieszczenie announcing the consolidated text of the underlying 17 August 2018 Regulation, not a regulation dated 17 June 2024. The 30 April 2025 amendment (Dz.U. 2025 poz. 598) adds or changes other substances, including moving 2-FDCK to psychotropic group II-P, but does not alter DCK item 42. The 7 July 2026 amendment (Dz.U. 2026 poz. 934) likewise does not alter DCK item 42 and entered into force on 28 July 2026. The Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction defines new psychoactive substances and provides that possession of them contrary to the Act is punishable by a fine (Article 62b(1)); significant quantities can incur a fine, restriction of liberty or imprisonment up to three years (Article 62b(2)).
RussiaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Government Decree No. 681 of 30 June 1998 on the Russian controlled-substances list (as amended 11 June 2025), List II and Note 666676869
Russia’s Government Decree No. 681 places Ketamine in List II, where turnover is restricted. Note 6 covers derivatives formed by formally replacing hydrogen, halogen or hydroxyl groups in a listed substance with other permitted monovalent or divalent atoms or substituents. NIH PubChem identifies deschloroketamine as 2-(methylamino)-2-phenylcyclohexan-1-one and ketamine as 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexan-1-one, showing the chlorine-to-hydrogen change that brings DCK within the derivative rule; the decree also says classification does not depend on synonyms or abbreviations.
SingaporeIllegalMisuse of Drugs Act (Amendment of First and Fifth Schedules) Order 2021 (S 284/2021), amending Part I of the First Schedule to the Misuse of Drugs Act 19737071
Deschloroketamine is expressly listed as 2-Phenyl-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone in Part I of the First Schedule to Singapore's Misuse of Drugs Act 1973. S 284/2021 inserted it as item (37) and commenced on 1 May 2021; the current consolidated Act, shown as current as at 24 August 2026, retains the substance as item (76) under Class A Drugs.
South AfricaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992, Schedule 2 Part III (as substituted by Drugs and Drug Trafficking Amendment Act 14 of 2022)7273
South Africa’s Schedule 2 Part III lists phencyclidine and named congeners, including PCE, PHP/PCPY and TCP, as undesirable dependence-producing substances. The same Part expressly includes all homologues of listed substances when they incorporate a similar structural fragment or exhibit similar pharmacodynamic properties. Deschloroketamine is not named expressly, but its arylcyclohexylamine structure is covered as a homologue of the listed phencyclidine group under this clause.
South KoreaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Act on the Control of Manufacture of Narcotics, etc., Enforcement Decree, Appendix 3 item 2174757677
South Korea covers deschloroketamine (DCK; 2′-oxo-PCM; 2-(methylamino)-2-phenylcyclohexanone) under Appendix 3 item 21 of the Enforcement Decree of the Act on the Control of Manufacture of Narcotics, etc., which lists phencyclidine analogues. The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety’s consolidated temporary-narcotics notice records that DCK’s temporary designation loses effect on 5 January 2021 because the substance is designated under Appendix 3 item 21. Deschloroketamine is controlled through the decree's analogue provision.
SwedenIllegalOrdinance (1992:1554) on the control of narcotic drugs78
Deschloroketamine is named in Sweden's List I of narcotic drugs as 2-(methylamino)-2-phenylcyclohexanone. Substances in List I are narcotics without medical use in Sweden and are subject to the narcotics-control offences and licensing rules.
United KingdomIllegalMisuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 201380
In the United Kingdom, DCK is controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The arylcyclohexylamine generic clause applies because DCK falls within the N-alkyl derivative relationship to 2-amino-2-phenylcyclohexanone; this coverage was added by S.I. 2013/239, effective February 26, 2013. Possession, manufacture, supply, and import are prohibited.
Controlled / restricted4
AustriaRestrictedNeue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung (NPSV), Anlage II Z 8, together with Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz (NPSG) §§ 3–512131415
Deschloroketamine (DCK; 2-(methylamino)-2-phenylcyclohexan-1-one) is covered by Anlage II Z 8 of the NPSV because its arylcyclohexylamine structure is a derivative of the listed Arylcyclohexylamin structure, with ketone and amine functions included among the chemical structures referenced by § 1 Abs. 2. Under §§ 3–4 NPSG, a covered new psychoactive substance may not be produced, imported, exported, transferred, or supplied with intent to obtain an advantage and intent that another person use it for a psychoactive effect; the ordinary penalty is up to two years' imprisonment. The NPSG also provides for seizure unless a lawful use is credibly shown (§ 5). This is a restricted NPS regime rather than a blanket statement that every possession or use is illegal.
FinlandRestrictedGovernment Decree on psychoactive substances prohibited on the consumer market (1130/2014), Annex, as amended by Decree 1101/202528293031
Finland lists deschloroketamine under the Finnish name Desklooriketamiini, with the chemical descriptor 2-(metyyliamino)-2-fenyylisykloheksanoni, in the annex to Government Decree 1130/2014 as amended by Decree 1101/2025. Section 5(2) of the Narcotics Act (373/2008) prohibits the manufacture, import, storage, sale and transfer of consumer-market-prohibited psychoactive substances, while section 23b permits limited research and industrial handling under stated conditions. These provisions do not establish that personal possession or use is prohibited as a narcotic offence.
IrelandRestrictedIreland's Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010 defines a psychoactive substance by its capacity, when consumed, to stimulate or depress the central nervous system or cause dependence. The Act excludes controlled drugs but prohibits selling, importing, or exporting a psychoactive substance when the person knows or is reckless as to human consumption. Deschloroketamine is not expressly named in the controlled-drug schedules. The Act restricts its commercial supply and import/export as a psychoactive substance, while it does not create a general possession offence.
SwitzerlandRestrictedBetäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung (BetmVV-EDI)79
Specifically named as a controlled substance under Verzeichnis E of the Swiss narcotics scheduling system.
Not scheduled2
United StatesNot scheduledNot a scheduled substance at the federal level as of July 2017. However, it may be subject to prosecution under the Federal Analogue Act if sold for human consumption due to its structural similarity to ketamine.
By state
All 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and five territories were reviewed against the federal baseline. 9 jurisdictions had source-backed mirror treatment; 39 remain research gaps after independent review. 8 divergent jurisdiction findings were independently upheld.
DelawareIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Delaware treats a designer drug as a controlled substance for the crimes in subchapters IV and V. The definition covers substances with a substantially similar chemical structure or effect to a controlled substance, expressly including arylcycloalkylamines and any synthetic analogue of a controlled substance. Deschloroketamine is a synthetic arylcycloalkylamine analogue of ketamine, so this state-level designer-drug rule supplies a control mechanism beyond the federal entry's unscheduled status.
LouisianaIllegalLouisiana expressly lists deschloroketamine by name and chemical description in Schedule I(C), rather than leaving its status to a fact-specific analogue analysis. This is materially more restrictive than the upheld federal finding that DCK is not automatically scheduled.
MassachusettsIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Massachusetts defines a controlled-substance analogue by substantial structural similarity to a controlled substance in any Class A through E plus the required substantially similar or greater CNS effect (or representation/intent), and treats the analogue as the corresponding class substance. Ketamine is expressly Class A in §31; DCK is the closely related deschlorinated ketamine structure. This reaches a ketamine analogue outside the federal Schedule I/II analogue scope and is therefore divergent, although application remains fact-specific as to the statutory effect test.
MinnesotaIllegalMinn. Stat. § 152.02, subd. 2(d)(73) (2025)92
Minnesota expressly lists 2-phenyl-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone (deschloroketamine) in Schedule I. This direct state listing is materially more restrictive than the upheld federal finding that DCK is not automatically scheduled.
MontanaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Montana defines a dangerous-drug analogue as material structurally related to or chemically derived from any dangerous drug in Schedules I through V, or represented to produce a similar or greater physiological effect. DCK is the deschlorinated ketamine structure, and ketamine is a scheduled dangerous drug; Montana's all-schedules analogue rule is materially broader than the federal Schedule I/II analogue framework. Application still depends on the statutory structural or effect showing.
New HampshireIllegal (analog/blanket ban)New Hampshire defines a controlled-drug analog as a substance whose chemical structure is derivative of or substantially similar to a controlled drug and that has, or is represented as having, a similar psychoactive effect. The Controlled Drug Act prohibits unauthorized manufacture, possession, sale, purchase, administration, transport, and possession with intent to sell or dispense a controlled drug analog. Deschloroketamine's ketamine-derived arylcyclohexylamine structure places human-consumption conduct within this state analogue framework rather than the federal finding that does not list deschloroketamine.
New MexicoIllegal (analog/blanket ban)NMSA 1978, § 30-31-2(U) (controlled-substance analog definition) and 16.19.20.67(C)(12) NMAC (Ketamine Hydrochloride, Schedule III)9899
New Mexico's controlled-substance-analog definition covers a noncontrolled substance whose chemical structure is substantially similar to that of a Schedule I-V controlled substance and expressly includes arylcycloalkylamines among the example classes. The current Board of Pharmacy schedule places Ketamine Hydrochloride in Schedule III at 16.19.20.67(C)(12). PubChem identity records identify deschloroketamine as 2-(methylamino)-2-phenylcyclohexan-1-one and ketamine as 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexan-1-one, supporting the deschloro arylcyclohexylamine structural relationship. Section 30-31-23(A) separately makes intentional possession of a controlled-substance analog unlawful. This is materially divergent from the settled federal baseline, under which analogue treatment under 21 U.S.C. § 813 requires intended human consumption.
VirginiaIllegalVa. Code § 54.1-3446, Schedule I100
Virginia places deschloroketamine in Schedule I as 2-(methylamino)-2-phenyl-cyclohexanone. The express state listing makes possession and other unauthorized handling subject to the Commonwealth's Schedule I controlled-substance prohibitions, unlike the settled federal finding that does not list deschloroketamine.
NetherlandsNot scheduledOpiumwet, current consolidated Lists I, IA and II (version effective 9 July 2026); article 2a and article 10b as introduced by Staatsblad 2025, 32; Staatsblad 2026, 11 (2-fluordeschloorketamine amendment) and Staatsblad 2026, 179 (nitazene List IA addition).474849505152535455
The current lists name the distinct fluorinated analogue 2-fluordeschloorketamine but do not name deschloroketamine (DCK; deschloorketamine; 2-(methylamino)-2-phenylcyclohexan-1-one). The generic List IA regime began on 1 July 2025 and, after the 9 July 2026 nitazene amendment, covers the four statutory groups; neither the original groups nor the latest addition is an arylcyclohexylamine group. Deschloroketamine is not scheduled under the current Dutch Opiumwet lists. Other Dutch rules, including medicines, product, customs, or other criminal-law provisions, may apply to a product or transaction, as may fact-specific rules concerning misdescription or sample identity. The listing of 2-fluordeschloorketamine in List I from 28 January 2026 does not classify deschloroketamine.
References
Citations
- Frison G, Zamengo L, Zancanaro F, Tisato F, & Traldi P. (2016-01-15). Characterization of the designer drug deschloroketamine (2-methylamino-2-phenylcyclohexanone) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry, multistage mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 30(1), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.742512
- Halogen Substitution Influences Ketamine Metabolism by Cytochrome P450 2B6: In Vitro and Computational Approaches. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b012141
- Decreto 560/2019, Anexo I (sustituido por Decreto 122/2026), read with Ley 23.737. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-122-2026-423520/texto1
- Decreto 560/2019, Anexo I (sustituido por Decreto 122/2026), read with Ley 23.737. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-560-2019-326675/actualizacion1
- Decreto 560/2019, Anexo I (sustituido por Decreto 122/2026), read with Ley 23.737. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-23737-138/actualizacion1
- Decreto 560/2019, Anexo I (sustituido por Decreto 122/2026), read with Ley 23.737. boletinoficial.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/338915/20260302?anexos=11
- Decreto 560/2019, Anexo I (sustituido por Decreto 122/2026), read with Ley 23.737. mpf.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.mpf.gob.ar/procunar/files/2019/09/Anexo-decreto-122-2026.pdf1
- Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), ss 301.1, 301.4 and 301.9; Criminal Code Regulations 2019, Schedule 1 cl 1 item 146 and Schedule 2 cl 1 item 110. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A04868/2026-06-30/2026-06-30/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_2/document_2.html1
- Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), ss 301.1, 301.4 and 301.9; Criminal Code Regulations 2019, Schedule 1 cl 1 item 146 and Schedule 2 cl 1 item 110. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2019L00561/2025-12-13/2025-12-13/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html1
- Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), ss 301.1, 301.4 and 301.9; Criminal Code Regulations 2019, Schedule 1 cl 1 item 146 and Schedule 2 cl 1 item 110. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L00633/asmade/2026-05-28/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html1
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