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Methiopropamine
1-(Thiophen-2-yl)-2-methylaminopropane
MPA, Blow
Methiopropamine is a synthetic stimulant of the thiophene class and a structural analogue of methamphetamine, first synthesized in 1942.citation needed Despite this structural similarity, it is neither an amphetamine nor a phenethylamine, as it features a thiophene ring in place of a benzene ring. It entered recreational drug markets around 2010 as a research chemical and legal high. Methiopropamine is generally characterized as a functional stimulant with limited euphoric properties.
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Doses are population estimates that vary widely between individuals.
Threshold~10 mg
Light10-30 mg
Moderate30-50 mg
Strong50-60 mg
Heavy60+ mg
Duration
Onset30-60 minutes
Come Up15-60 minutes
Peak2-4 hours
Offset2-3 hours
After Effects1-2 hours
Total6-10 hours
Subjective Effects
Legacy content. A statistically backed ontology from Mindstate Design Labs is coming soon.
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
The physical effects of methiopropamine can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
Cognitive
The cognitive effects of methiopropamine can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. It contains a large number of typical stimulant cognitive effects. Although negative side effects are usually mild at low to moderate doses, they become increasingly likely to manifest themselves with higher amounts or extended usage. This particularly holds true during the offset of the experience.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Methiopropamine acts primarily as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), with approximately 1.85 times greater selectivity for norepinephrine over dopamine. Compared to dextroamphetamine, it is roughly one-third as potent at inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake and one-fifth as potent at inhibiting dopamine reuptake. It may additionally function as a monoamine releasing agent, though this has not been definitively established. It displays negligible activity at the serotonin transporter.citation needed
Pharmacokinetics
Methiopropamine is metabolized primarily through N-demethylation and hydroxylation at the side chain or thiophene ring. CYP2C19 catalyzes further deamination of the N-demethylated metabolites in the liver, producing the inactive compound 1-(thiophen-2-yl)-2-propan-2-one. Thiophene-2-carboxylic acid is the final major metabolic product and is excreted renally. Both methiopropamine and its active metabolite thiopropamine are also excreted unchanged in urine.
Tolerance
Tolerance timelines are rules of thumb, not exact schedules, and vary widely between individuals and use patterns.
Full Tolerance
Tolerance to many of the effects develops with prolonged and repeated use, resulting in users needing to administer increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects. The rate of tolerance development has not been precisely characterized, though locomotor sensitization studies in rodents suggest neuroadaptive changes occur with repeated exposure.
Baseline Reset
1-2 weeks
Half Tolerance
3-7 days
Cross Tolerance
Dopaminergic stimulants
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
ModerateModerately addictive with high potential for abuse and capable of causing psychological dependence. Compulsive redosing is commonly reported, particularly with insufflation or vaporization routes, though generally considered less severe than substances like MDPV or mephedrone.
Physical
LowCravings and withdrawal effects may occur following cessation of chronic use, though physical dependence appears less prominent than psychological dependence.
Toxicity
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular stimulation including chest tightness, chest pains, racing heart, vasoconstriction, and palpitations are somewhat common at higher doses and with repeated dosing; serious cardiovascular events appear to be associated with overdose or extreme use patterns rather than typical recreational use.
Respiratory
Labored breathing and pain with deep breaths have been reported, primarily at higher doses or with repeated dosing.
Psychosis Risk
Capable of producing stimulant psychosis with symptoms including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, delusions, and incoherent speech.citation needed Risk is significantly elevated by high doses, repeated dosing, and accompanying sleep deprivation. Case reports document paranoid delusions, dysmorphophobia, and self-harming behavior in affected users.
History & Culture
Discovery and Early Research
Methiopropamine was first synthesized and reported in 1942.citation needed The work was primarily conducted at the University of Michigan, with limited pharmacological evaluation carried out at Parke Davis pharmaceutical company. This early research demonstrated that the compound possessed
Legality
By Country
Illegal22
United StatesIllegalMethiopropamine is a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. The Schedule I listing covers N-methyl-1-(thiophen-2-yl)propan-2-amine (methiopropamine); federal controls and criminal sanctions apply to unauthorized manufacture, distribution, importation, exportation, research, and possession. The permanent listing took effect on January 9, 2023.85
ArgentinaIllegalDecreto 122/2026, replacing Anexo I to Decreto 560/2019 (effective 2026-03-03); Decreto 560/2019, Article 2 and Anexo II; ANMAT Disposición 3943/2026 (effective 2026-06-29), Annex I; Ley 23.737, Articles 5, 6 and 14; Ley 19.303, Articles 5-7, 10-13 and 16.2345678
MPA is expressly named in the current Argentine individual estupefaciente list, rather than controlled only through an analogue inference. Unauthorized or illicit-purpose production, preparation, commerce, distribution, storage, transport, supply and import are criminalized, and possession is separately punishable; the statute has a fact-specific lower penalty for unequivocal personal-use possession, not a blanket legalization or safe harbor. ANMAT's current table places METIOPROPAMINA, MPA in Ley 19.303 Lista II and leaves the Ley 17.818 column blank. Lista II permits only tightly regulated authorized medical/research handling and prescription, not consumer or over-the-counter access. The current decree attachment does not state stereochemistry, salt, hydrate/solvate, purity threshold or mixture rules, and a sample reported only as MPA requires confirmatory analytical identification.
BrazilIllegalPortaria SVS/MS No. 344 of 12 May 1998, current consolidated text, Anvisa Legis12
Anvisa's page is marked Vigente com Alterações and links updates through July 2026; Methiopropamine is listed in List F2.
ChileIllegalDecreto Supremo N.º 867 (2007), Reglamento de la Ley N.º 20.000, current Ley Chile version dated 16-Sep-2023, Article 1, as amended by Decreto N.º 416 (published 02-Sep-2017); read with Ley N.º 20.000 (current Ley Chile version dated 23-May-2026), Articles 1, 3 and 4.131415
The current official consolidated Decreto 867 text expressly lists methiopropamine under the Spanish name Metiopropamina and chemical name N-metil-1-(tiofen-2-il)propan-2-amina in Article 1. Decreto 416's first article identifies this exact substance among the substances incorporated into Article 1 and records publication on 02-Sep-2017. Article 1 is the severe-effects category referenced by Ley 20.000 Article 1. Ley 20.000 Articles 1 and 3 penalize unauthorized manufacture and trafficking, and Article 4 provides only a limited small-quantity treatment or exclusive, proximate personal-use justification; that limited rule does not remove the Article 1 classification. The current schedule also expressly extends listed substances to their isomers, esters, ethers and salts unless excepted, but does not extend control to every structurally similar analogue.
ChinaIllegalChina's 2025 Non-medical Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs Directory (公安部等部门公告), as reproduced on the official Shenzhen Public Security Bureau current directory portal, together with the consolidated Regulations on the Control of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs (2024 amendment, effective 2025-01-20)16171819
The current official Shenzhen Public Security Bureau portal expressly lists MPA as entry 25 of the 2025 non-medical narcotic and psychotropic directory. Article 4 of the current national regulation permits non-medical controlled substances only for legally authorized experimental research and prohibits production, dealing, use, storage, and transport. These national rules apply to mainland China as of 2026-08-27; lawful authorized research is not ordinary public access.
Czech RepublicIllegalGovernment Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll., current consolidated text effective 25 June 2026, § 1(d) and Annex 4 (List 4 psychotropic substances); Act No. 167/1998 Coll. on addictive substances, §§ 2(1)(a), 3(1)-(2) and 4.2324
The e-Sbírka text identifies itself as current from 25 June 2026 and lists Methylthienylpropamin / MPA / N-methyl-1-(thiofen-2-yl)propan-2-amin in the psychotropic-substance schedule. Unauthorized handling under the addictive-substance schedule is prohibited, but licensed scientific or very limited therapeutic activity is not absolutely banned. The law provides no ordinary consumer, recreational or general commercial exception.
FinlandIllegalValtioneuvoston asetus 153/2025 amending Decree 543/200826
Methiopropamine is prohibited under Valtioneuvoston asetus 153/2025 amending Decree 543/2008.
FranceIllegalArrêté du 3 octobre 2017 modifiant l'arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, as identified in the current ANSM consolidated list; current ANSM Liste consolidée des substances classées comme stupéfiants, updated 26 June 2026, Annexe III; Code de la santé publique article R5132-74 as summarized by the Ministry of Health PEPPS.27282930
The current ANSM compilation expressly names Méthiopropamine/MPA in the narcotics list and dates its inclusion to the 3 October 2017 amendment. The Ministry of Health's PEPPS operational summary states that, absent express authorization, production, manufacture, transport, import, export, detention, offer, transfer, acquisition and use involving substances classified as narcotics are prohibited. Absent express authorization, these prohibitions include possession, purchase/acquisition, sale/transfer and manufacture of Méthiopropamine. The ANSM PDF is expressly an information-only consolidation: the legally opposable materials are the amended 22 February 1990 arrêté and published ANSM Director-General decisions.
GermanyIllegalBetäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG), current official text31
In Germany, methiopropamine is prohibited under the Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG).
IrelandIllegalIrish Misuse of Drugs Act and SI 211/2022 Schedule 132
Methiopropamine is prohibited in Ireland under the Irish Misuse of Drugs Act and SI 211/2022 Schedule 1.
ItalyIllegalMinistero della Salute, Decreto 25 giugno 2018 (G.U. Serie Generale n. 160, 12 luglio 2018, 18A04703), inserting MPA into Table I of D.P.R. 9 ottobre 1990, n. 309; current D.P.R. 309/1990 framework as displayed by Normattiva on 27 August 2026.333435
Italy's Ministry of Health expressly inserted MPA (methiopropamine) into Table I, identifying its chemical name and the alternative names Metiopropamina and Metiltienpropamina. The decree became effective on the fifteenth day after publication (27 July 2018). The current Normattiva view reports the consolidated D.P.R. 309/1990 as vigente al 27/08/2026 and last updated 06/08/2026. Article 14 states that Table I includes substances with established risks of physical or psychological dependence and applies the regime to listed substances in every product, mixture or preparation form; Article 73 separately provides criminal penalties for specified unauthorized dealings in Table I substances.
JapanIllegalJapanese Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act Article 1 item 13636
Methiopropamine is prohibited under the Japanese Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, Article 1 item 136.
NetherlandsIllegalOpiumwet (BWBR0001941), current consolidated version effective 2026-07-09; Article 2 and List I, with Article 1(4) defining import of packaged goods and related handling424344
The current official List I table expressly names methiopropamine and the designation MPA. Article 2 makes the listed-substance prohibitions apply to import, export, preparation, processing, sale, supply, transport, possession and manufacture. Article 1(4) extends this to bringing into the Netherlands goods in which a List I substance is packed or stored, and to handling directed to onward transport, storage, delivery, receipt or transfer. The listing concerns the exact substance and does not independently classify any different analogue, positional isomer, metabolite or formulation.
PolandIllegalMinister of Health regulation of 17 August 2018 on the list of psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs and new psychoactive substances, as consolidated in Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1139, with amendments Dz.U. 2025 poz. 598 and Dz.U. 2026 poz. 934; Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction of 29 July 2005 (consolidated Dz.U. 2023 poz. 1939), Arts. 32-34, 41 and 62.48495051525354
MPA is a named II-P psychotropic substance, not merely an unlisted analogue or generic new psychoactive substance. Under Article 33(1), group II-P psychotropics may be used only for medical, industrial or research purposes; Article 34(1) limits possession to an authorized entrepreneur, organizational unit or person, and Article 62(1) criminalizes possession contrary to the Act. Ordinary possession, acquisition and use are prohibited, subject to the statutory authorization exceptions. Article 41(2) requires specially marked prescriptions or requisitions for pharmacy dispensing of preparations containing psychotropic substances; its ordinary-prescription exception is limited to groups III-P and IV-P, so II-P MPA is not an ordinary prescription-only substance.
RussiaIllegalGovernment Resolution No. 681 of 30 June 1998, official Roszdravnadzor consolidated copy amended 11 June 2025 (List I and derivative notes); Federal Law No. 3-FZ of 8 January 1998 on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, official Roszdravnadzor text redacted through 29 December 2022 (Article 2 List I definition).575859
The current List I text contains the parent class 2-Тиофен-2-илэтиламин and its derivatives; MPA is not separately named. MPA's stated structure (N-methyl-1-(thiophen-2-yl)propan-2-amine) is obtained from the parent 2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethylamine by formal methyl substitutions at the amino nitrogen and the adjacent carbon; under Note 6 this is the relevant derivative analysis, subject to the note's exclusions and atom-count conditions. List I prohibits circulation, rather than merely imposing prescription or accounting restrictions. The consolidated text is amended through 11 June 2025. The determination may depend on exact sample identity, salt or isomer, state-medicines-register status, and any statutory scientific or official-use exception.
SwedenIllegalLäkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) on narcotics lists, consolidated through HSLF-FS 2026:26, List I; Lag (1992:860) om kontroll av narkotika, sections 1–2 and 7; Narkotikastrafflag (1968:64), sections 1–2.626364
The current official Swedish Medical Products Agency consolidated schedule expressly lists Metiopropamin (MPA), chemical name N-methyl-1-(thiophen-2-yl)propan-2-amine, with Swedish list I and international P II. List I is defined in the schedule as covering substances, plant material and fungi that normally have no medical use. The Swedish Narcotic Drugs Control Act permits narcotics handling only for the listed authorized purposes and restricts possession to specified authorized persons; the Narcotic Drugs Penal Law criminalizes unauthorized possession and use as well as other listed handling. Authorization and scientific or industrial exceptions require separate permits or statutory conditions.
SwitzerlandIllegalBetmVV-EDI (SR 812.121.11), Annex 1 total register of controlled substances in Verzeichnisse a–d, consolidated standing 13 March 2026; BetmKV (SR 812.121.1), Article 3(2)(d) and Article 8; BetmG (SR 812.121), Article 8656667686970
As of 27 August 2026, the current official BetmVV-EDI schedule expressly identifies MPA by name, synonym, chemical name and GTIN in Verzeichnis d. BetmKV defines Verzeichnis d as prohibited controlled substances. This is a schedule/prohibition classification, not a product-level prescription classification: the substance listing alone does not create an authorised medicine or an ordinary pharmacy route. BetmVV-EDI Article 1(2) extends control to listed substances' salts, esters, ethers, carbamates, stereoisomers, certain salts/derivatives of those stereoisomers, and preparations containing them; it does not establish that unrelated constitutional analogues are covered. The BetmKV is consolidated to 1 January 2022 for its category and permit provisions, while the BetmVV-EDI schedule is consolidated to 13 March 2026.
United Arab EmiratesIllegalFederal Decree by Law No. (30) of 2021 on Combating Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Article 11 and Schedule No. (6), as recorded in the active UAE Legislation record and current schedule attachment indexed on 27 August 2026747576777879808182
Methiopropamine is expressly identified in Schedule No. (6) of UAE legislation as item 17, with the chemical name N-Methyl-1-(2-thienyl)-2-propanamine. Article 11 prohibits import, export, transfer, production, manufacture, bringing into the UAE, possession, acquisition and other handling of Schedule 6 psychotropic substances except in authorized cases and under stipulated conditions. Article 12 separately prohibits addiction or personal use except treatment under the Article 40 prescription framework. The Article 10 medical/scientific exception covers Schedules 1, 2, 4 Section 1 and 5, not Schedule 6. No approved MPA medicine, routine prescription product or substance-specific Schedule 6 research route is established. The EDE traveler/medicine service therefore must not be treated as permission to import or possess MPA.
Controlled / restricted4
ColombiaRestrictedResolución número 000116 de 2026 (Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection), Article 2, Annex Technical 1 item 311 and Annex Technical 4 rule 5 (effective 2026-01-27); Resolución 001478 de 2006, Articles 1 and 7, as the controlled-substance fiscalization framework referenced and amended by the current resolution.202122
Resolución 000116's operative Annex Technical 1 is headed 'Listado de sustancias incluidas como sustancias de control especial y sometidas a fiscalización' and expressly lists METIOPROPAMINA (MPA) as item 311 with the N,α-dimethyl-2-thiophene ethanamine hydrochloride designation and Green List II classification. The listing establishes national fiscalization and controlled handling; the applicable instruments do not establish a blanket criminal prohibition for every act, an approved prescription-medicine status, or a general analogue rule. Annex Technical 4 rule 5 extends control to chemically possible salts and stereoisomers of Green List II substances unless expressly excepted.
DenmarkRestrictedBekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer, BEK nr. 405 af 26. marts 202625
Methiopropamine is restricted under Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer, BEK nr. 405 af 26. marts 2026.
United KingdomClass BInitially placed under a Temporary Class Drug Order on November 27, 2015,83 following recommendation by the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. After the TCDO demonstrated effectiveness in reducing availability and harm indicators, MPA was permanently added to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 as a Class B substance on November 27, 2017.84
Prescription1
AustraliaRestrictedMethiopropamine (MPA) is listed as a drug in Schedule 4, item 138B of the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956. Its importation into Australia is prohibited unless the importer holds both an import licence and an import permission. The definition of “drug” also covers relevant isomers, derivatives including salts, and non-exempt preparations containing them. The Office of Drug Control classifies MPA as a narcotic and requires an export licence and permit;9 domestic possession, supply and manufacture are governed by separate State and Territory laws.
Legal / decriminalized1
References
Source Pages
Citations
- Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. (2017). Methiopropamine (MPA): A review of the evidence of use and harm — Further advice, June 2017. UK Home Office / ACMD. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a81c10140f0b62302698fb3/ACMD_s_further_advice_on_methiopropamine_June_2017.pdf1
- Decreto 122/2026 (official Argentina.gob.ar text). argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-122-2026-423520/texto1
- Decreto 560/2019, Anexo I, sustituido por Decreto 122/2026. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/423520_dec122_jpg/archivo1
- Decreto 560/2019, updated text (official Argentina.gob.ar/Infoleg). argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-560-2019-326675/actualizacion1
- ANMAT Disposición 3943/2026 (official text). argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/norma-427110/texto1
- ANMAT Disposición 3943/2026 Anexo I, current status table (official PDF). argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/anexo%5Fi%5Fecn.pdf1
- Ley 19.303, updated psychotropics law (official Argentina.gob.ar). argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-19303-20966/actualizacion1
- Decreto 560/2019, Anexo I, sustituido por Decreto 122/2026. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-23737-138/actualizacion1
- Methiopropamine — Office of Drug Control controlled-substances list. Office of Drug Control (n.d.). https://www.odc.gov.au/controlled-substances/list/methiopropamine1
- Suchtgiftverordnung, Annex 4, current consolidated text, RIS. ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Anlage=4&Artikel=&Gesetzesnummer=10011053&Paragraf=&Uebergangsrecht=1
Further Reading
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Recent changes7 human edits · latest
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24 January 2026
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
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