MDMA

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Ecstasy, Molly, Mandy, Emma, MD

Psychoactive Class

Chemical Class

MDMA is a classical entactogen of the substituted amphetamine class¹, first developed in 1912 by the pharmaceutical company Merck.¹ It remained largely obscure until the 1970s, when it gained recognition in underground psychotherapy circles before spreading into nightlife and rave culture. Now one of the most popular recreational drugs worldwide, it is known for producing strong feelings of empathy, emotional closeness, and stimulation.² Tablets sold as "ecstasy" frequently contain adulterants or other substances entirely.³

Dosage & Duration

Dosage

Threshold~30 mg

Light40-75 mg

Moderate75-125 mg

Strong125-175 mg

Heavy175+ mg

Duration

Onset20-70 minutes

Come Up30-60 minutes

Peak2-3.5 hours

Offset1-2 hours

After Effects2-24 hours

Total3-6 hours

Half-life

7-10 hours

Subjective Effects

Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.

Physical

The physical effects of MDMA can be broken down into five components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.

Enhancement of touch

Cognitive

The general head space of MDMA is described by many as one of extreme mental stimulation, feelings of love or empathy and powerful euphoria. It contains a large number of typical psychedelic, entactogenic and stimulant cognitive effects.

Acceleration of thoughtMindfulness

Visual

The visual effects of MDMA have an occurrence rating that is more selective and less consistent than any of the traditional psychedelics. They can never be guaranteed to manifest themselves but are more likely to occur with chemically pure high dose MDMA experiences, towards the end of the experience and if the user has been smoking marijuana.

Enhancements

MDMA presents an array of visual enhancements which are mild in comparison to traditional psychedelics but still distinctively present.

Enhancement of colours Enhanced pattern recognition

Geometry

The visual geometry that is present throughout this trip can be described as more similar in appearance to that of psilocin than LSD. They can be comprehensively described as structured in their organization, organic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, large in size, fast and smooth in motion, mostly blue and grey in scheme, glossy in colour, equal in blurred and sharp edges and equal in rounded and angular corners. At higher dosages they are significantly more likely to result in states of Level 7A visual geometry over Level 7B. Many users report an almost menacing feeling, following a sinister and ominous style with a colour scheme that generally consists of greys and blues.

Hallucinatory States

MDMA is capable of producing a unique range of low and high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is significantly less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used psychedelics.

Auditory

The auditory effects of MDMA are common in their occurrence and exhibit a partial range of effects.

Enhancements

Forked from Subjective Effect Documentation

by Josie KinsNovember 2012.

Reagent Testing

Loading reagent data

Expected colorimetric results are being prepared.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

MDMA functions primarily as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent.⁴ The substance enters monoaminergic neurons via the serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters, then reverses their direction to produce efflux of these neurotransmitters into the synapse.⁴ This releasing action is facilitated by inhibition of vesicular monoamine transporter 2, which increases cytosolic monoamine concentrations available for release, and by agonist activity at trace amine-associated receptor 1, which triggers phosphorylation of the transporters.⁵ MDMA displays approximately tenfold greater affinity for serotonin transporters compared to dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, resulting in predominantly serotonergic effects.⁴ Beyond its releasing action, MDMA also exhibits weak partial agonist activity at serotonin 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors, with 5-HT2B receptor signaling appearing necessary for the substance's serotonin-releasing effects.⁶ The characteristic entactogenic properties are thought to arise largely from serotonin release and may involve indirect oxytocin secretion mediated by 5-HT1A receptor activation.

Pharmacokinetics

MDMA undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism primarily mediated by CYP2D6, with additional contributions from CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19.⁷ The principal metabolic pathway involves O-demethylenation to HHMA followed by COMT-catalyzed methylation to HMMA.⁷ A secondary pathway proceeds through N-dealkylation to MDA, which then undergoes further metabolism to HHA and HMA.⁷ MDMA acts as both a substrate and inhibitor of CYP2D6, with autoinhibition believed to result from interaction between the enzyme and an MDMA metabolite.⁸⁹ This autoinhibition produces nonlinear pharmacokinetics at higher doses, potentially resulting in disproportionately elevated plasma concentrations with repeated or escalating doses.⁸

Interactions

Dangerous

Highest risk

These combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.

AMTDXMLithiumMAOIsMephedroneTramadol

Unsafe

Avoid

There is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.

PCPPregabalin

Caution

Use caution

These combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.

2C-T-x compounds5-MeO-xxT tryptaminesAlcoholAmphetaminesCaffeineCocaineDOx compoundsGHB/GBLMXENBOMe compounds

TripSit

Tolerance

Full Tolerance

Tolerance to MDMA's effects develops unusually quickly compared to many other substances. In controlled observations, daily administration of 120-160 mg resulted in complete loss of subjective effects by the fifth or sixth day, with only mild pupil dilation remaining. A notable phenomenon described as 'losing the magic' occurs with repeated use, where the characteristic empathogenic and prosocial effects diminish substantially while stimulant and euphoric properties may persist. Some users report this degradation after as few as 10 experiences, while others maintain full effects through dozens or even hundreds of uses. The empathogenic qualities appear particularly susceptible to tolerance, often fading before other effects.

Baseline Reset

Approximately 2.5 months after a single use in the absence of further consumption. A complete drug-free period of 6 days has been shown to reverse tolerance established through consecutive daily dosing. Most harm reduction guidance recommends waiting 1-3 months between uses, with 4-6 weeks considered an absolute minimum to allow adequate serotonin restoration.

Half Tolerance

Approximately 1 month after a single administration

Cross Tolerance

Dopaminergic stimulants, Serotonergic stimulants

Harm Potential

Addiction & Dependence

Psychological

Low

MDMA has moderate to high abuse potential but a low potential for genuine psychological dependence, estimated at lower than 10% and rated three-fourths to four-fifths that of cannabis by expert panels. Compulsive redosing is commonly reported during experiences, and context-dependent psychological dependence may develop when use is linked to specific activities such as parties or raves.

Physical

Low

Physical dependence potential is low, with MDMA often described as not physically addictive. However, approximately 60% of users experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation, including fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, and difficulty concentrating.¹⁰ These symptoms are generally mild compared to substances with higher physical dependence potential.

Toxicity

Central Nervous System

Heavy or frequent use, particularly at higher doses, has been associated with neurotoxic damage to serotonergic axon terminals in striatal, hippocampal, prefrontal, and occipital regions;¹¹¹² damage may persist for more than two years but appears partially reversible with abstinence.¹³ Typical recreational use at moderate doses and infrequent intervals presents less clear neurotoxicity risk.

Cardiovascular

Heavy or long-term use may increase the risk of valvular heart disease and primary pulmonary hypertension due to chronic activation of serotonin 5-HT2B receptors;¹⁵ acute cardiovascular stress including elevated heart rate and blood pressure occurs during intoxication.¹⁶

Hepatic

Liver toxicity has been reported rarely with MDMA use; the liver is stressed during acute intoxication due to extensive hepatic metabolism.

Renal

Kidneys are stressed during MDMA use; individuals with pre-existing kidney disorders may be at higher risk of complications.¹⁸

Psychosis Risk

Psychotic episodes are rare but have been reported, typically at high doses or with heavy use. Possible psychological crises requiring hospitalization, including severe panic attacks and psychotic episodes, occur in a small minority of users. At higher doses, delirious external hallucinations may occur, which is not considered a typical or healthy response.

Seizure Risk

Seizures are rare but may occur in susceptible individuals, particularly at higher doses, with redosing, or in physically taxing conditions such as dehydration, fatigue, undernourishment, or overheating. More common in smaller individuals and those with pre-existing epilepsy. A small number of users have reportedly experienced seizures after taking moderate amounts of pure MDMA.

History & Culture

Discovery and Early Development

MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by German chemist Anton Köllisch while working at the pharmaceutical company Merck.¹⁹¹ Contrary to persistent myths about the compound being developed as an appetite suppressant or…

Trip Reports

Legality

International

UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 (Schedule I, added February 1986)

By Country

United StatesIllegalSchedule I

Controlled Substances Act and 21 CFR § 1308.11⁹⁶⁹⁷⁹⁸

Classified as Schedule I under the Controlled Substances Act since July 1, 1985, initially on an emergency basis.⁹⁹ Manufacturing, buying, possessing, or distributing without a DEA license is illegal. Despite an administrative law judge recommending Schedule III placement to allow medical use, the DEA director overruled and maintained Schedule I status.

By state

Across the 50 states, MDMA is controlled in line with its federal Schedule I status; state schedules verified for 48 states, D.C., Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Alaska places MDMA in its own Schedule IIA rather than a direct Schedule I designation.

Alaska

Illegalschedule_iia

AustriaIllegalAnhang V

Suchtgiftverordnung³²³³

Prohibited under the Suchtmittelgesetz (SMG). Possession, production, and sale are criminal offenses.

BrazilIllegalLista F2

Portaria SVS/MS nº 344/1998, Anexo I³⁵³⁶

Listed under Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.³⁷ Production, distribution, and possession are illegal.

ChileIllegalLista I

Supreme Decree No. 405 of 1983, Regulation of Psychotropic Products⁴²

MDMA is listed in List I of the Regulation of Psychotropic Products. The regulation prohibits import, export, production, manufacture, distribution, transport, sale, possession and keeping of List I drugs in Chile, except for authorised scientific research.

DenmarkIllegalListe A

Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer⁴⁴

Possession, production, and sale are prohibited under Danish drug control legislation.

FinlandControlled substance (hard drug)Citation needed

Listed in Finland's controlled substances registry in the hard-drug category. Possession, production, and sale without authorization are illegal.

GermanyIllegalAnlage I

Betäubungsmittelgesetz⁴⁹⁵⁰

Controlled under Anlage I of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz (Narcotics Act) since August 1, 1986.⁴⁹ Manufacturing, possessing, importing, exporting, buying, selling, procuring, or dispensing without a license is illegal.

ItalyIllegalTabella I

Tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope, DPR 309/1990⁵²

Listed in Tabella I of the controlled substances tables (Tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope). Possession, purchase, and sale are prohibited.

LatviaIllegalI saraksts

Latvijā kontrolējamo narkotisko vielu, psihotropo vielu un prekursoru saraksti⁵⁵

Classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. Possession, production, and distribution are illegal.

NetherlandsIllegalLijst I

Opiumwet⁵⁸

Classified as a hard drug under the Opium Act.⁵⁹ Sale, manufacture, and possession of large amounts are illegal. While possession of small quantities for personal use is technically still illegal, it is generally not prosecuted.

NorwayIllegalP I

Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften)^62636465

MDMA, listed as “MDMA (ecstacy),” appears in the Narkotikalisten, which forms part of the Narkotikaforskriften in force since 14 February 2013. It is marked “Forbudt etter § 5”; manufacture, acquisition, sale, importation, exportation, storage, possession, and use are prohibited. The Department may make an exception by regulation or individual decision for medical or scientific needs. MDMA is directly named rather than controlled solely through a generic-group provision; psychoactive salts, stereoisomers, esters, and ethers of listed substances are also narcotics under § 3.

PhilippinesIllegalDangerous drug

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002⁶⁹⁷⁰

Republic Act No. 9165 defines MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, including its isomers and derivatives. The Act treats Schedule I substances under the 1971 Convention as dangerous drugs and criminalises unauthorised sale, delivery, possession and use of dangerous drugs.

PortugalDecriminalizedTabela II-A

Lei nº 30/2000⁷³⁷⁴

Since July 2001 under Law 30/2000, personal possession of less than 1 gram is not a criminal offense.⁷⁵ The substance may be confiscated and the individual referred to a dissuasion commission. Production, sale, and trafficking remain criminal offenses.

SingaporeIllegalClass A

Misuse of Drugs Act 1973⁷⁸⁷⁹

MDMA is a Class A controlled drug in Part I of the First Schedule to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1973. The Act makes unauthorised trafficking, manufacture, import, export, possession and consumption of controlled drugs offences.

SpainIllegalLista I

Orden de 30 de mayo de 1986⁸²⁸³

MDMA is included in List I of Annex I to Royal Decree 2829/1977 by the Order of 30 May 1986. List I psychotropic substances are subject to the statutory control and inspection regime for manufacture, distribution, prescription and dispensing.

SwitzerlandIllegalVerzeichnis D

Betäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung (BetmVV-EDI)⁸⁵⁸⁶

Specifically listed as a controlled substance under Verzeichnis D of Swiss narcotics legislation.

United Arab EmiratesIllegalPsychotropic Schedule I

MOHAP controlled narcotics and psychotropics list⁹⁰⁹¹

MDMA is listed by the Ministry of Health and Prevention as a Psychotropic Schedule I substance. The Ministry's controlled-medicines guidance marks MDMA as prohibited for travellers.

AustraliaPrescription onlySchedule 8

Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—July 2023) Instrument 2023²⁸²⁹

Reclassified to Schedule 8 as of July 1, 2023, allowing for limited authorized medical use.³⁰ Personal quantities under 1.5 grams or 5 single doses have been decriminalized in the Australian Capital Territory since October 28, 2023.³¹

BelgiumIllegalTableau I

Arrêté royal du 6 septembre 2017 réglementant les substances stupéfiantes et/ou psychotropes³⁴

Possession, production, and sale are prohibited under national drug legislation.

CanadaIllegalSchedule I

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act³⁸³⁹

MDMA is controlled under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.⁴⁰ Before the March 2012 Safe Streets and Communities Act, MDMA and amphetamines were placed in the less restrictive Schedule III.⁴¹

Czech RepublicIllegalSeznam I

Nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb., o seznamech návykových látek⁴³

Classified as a Schedule I controlled substance under national legislation.

EgyptIllegalالجدول رقم (1)

Minister of Health and Population Decision No. 44 of 2026, replacing the schedules annexed to Anti-Narcotics Law No. 182 of 1960⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁷

MDMA is listed under the phenethylamine group in Schedule 1 annexed to Egypt’s Anti-Narcotics Law No. 182 of 1960. Decision No. 44 of 2026 replaced the law’s schedules and applies from its publication on 17 February 2026. Law No. 182 prohibits importing, exporting, producing, owning, possessing, purchasing, selling, exchanging, transferring, or brokering narcotic substances except as the law permits.

FranceIllegalStupéfiants

Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants⁴⁸

Classified as a narcotic substance under French law. Possession, purchase, sale, and manufacture are prohibited.

IndiaIllegalSchedule

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985⁵¹

MDMA is listed in the Schedule's list of psychotropic substances under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. The Act prohibits production, manufacture, possession, sale, purchase, transport, use, consumption, import, export and transhipment of a psychotropic substance except for authorised medical or scientific purposes.

JapanIllegalNarcotic

Cabinet Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw-material Plants, Psychotropic Drugs, and Narcotic and Psychotropic Raw Materials⁵³⁵⁴

MDMA and its salts are designated narcotics under Cabinet Order No. 238 of 1990, made under the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act. The Act restricts import, export, manufacture, transfer, possession and use of narcotics to licensed or otherwise authorised handling.

LuxembourgIllegalStupéfiants

Loi modifiée du 19 février 1973 concernant la vente de substances médicamenteuses et la lutte contre la toxicomanie⁵⁶⁵⁷

Classified as a prohibited substance under national drug legislation.

New ZealandIllegalClass B1

Misuse of Drugs Act 1975⁶⁰⁶¹

Reclassified from the less restrictive Class B2 to Class B1 on August 2, 2005. Possession, manufacture, and supply carry significant criminal penalties.

PeruDecriminalizedArtículo 299

Código Penal (Decreto Legislativo Nº 635), artículo 299, modificado por Decreto Legislativo Nº 1592⁶⁶⁶⁷⁶⁸

MDMA is listed in Lista IB as a prohibited-use controlled substance in Peru. Article 299 makes possession of up to 250 milligrams of ecstasy containing MDMA non-punishable when it is for the holder’s own immediate consumption. The exception does not apply to possession of two or more types of toxic drug; manufacture, trafficking, and possession for illegal use remain criminal offences.

PolandIllegalI-P

Regulation of the Minister of Health on the list of psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs and new psychoactive substances⁷¹⁷²

MDMA is listed as a Group I-P psychotropic substance in the Polish controlled-substances list. Group I-P psychotropic substances may be manufactured, processed or converted for scientific research only with the prescribed authorisation.

RussiaIllegalСписок I

Government Resolution No. 681 of 30 June 1998⁷⁶⁷⁷

Classified as a Schedule I prohibited substance. Possession, production, and distribution are criminal offenses.

South KoreaIllegal나목

Enforcement Decree of the Narcotics Control Act⁸⁰⁸¹

MDMA is listed in Attached Table 4 as a psychotropic drug under Article 2(3)(b) of the Narcotics Control Act. The Act prohibits persons other than authorised narcotics handlers from possessing, using, transporting, importing, exporting, manufacturing, administering, trading in or delivering psychotropic substances.

SwedenIllegalFörteckning I

Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika⁸⁴

Possession, production, and sale are prohibited under Swedish drug control legislation.

ThailandIllegalCategory I

Notification of the Ministry of Public Health Specifying Names and Categories of Narcotics under the Narcotics Code⁸⁷⁸⁸⁸⁹

Thailand's Ministry of Public Health lists 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also called ecstasy or MDMA, as a Category I narcotic. Category I narcotics may not be imported, exported or possessed without permission from the Ministry of Public Health.

United KingdomIllegalClass A

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971^92939495

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) has been a Class A controlled drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 since 1977. Unauthorised possession, production, supply, importation and exportation are offences. It is also in Schedule 1 to the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001, so lawful access for research or other special purposes requires a Home Office licence.

References

Source Pages

Citations

Suggest an edit

Spotted a mistake, an outdated claim, or something missing from the MDMA article? Send the editors a private note. Feedback lands in a moderation queue and is never shown on the site.

MDMA

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Ecstasy, Molly, Mandy, Emma, MD

Psychoactive Class

Entactogen Stimulant Psychedelic (mild)

Chemical Class

Amphetamine MDxx

Dosage & Duration

Dosage

Threshold~30 mg

Light40-75 mg

Moderate75-125 mg

Strong125-175 mg

Heavy175+ mg

Duration

Onset20-70 minutes

Come Up30-60 minutes

Peak2-3.5 hours

Offset1-2 hours

After Effects2-24 hours

Total3-6 hours

Half-life

7-10 hours

Subjective Effects

Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.

Physical

The physical effects of MDMA can be broken down into five components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.

Enhancement of touch

Cognitive

Acceleration of thoughtMindfulness

Visual

Enhancements

MDMA presents an array of visual enhancements which are mild in comparison to traditional psychedelics but still distinctively present.

Enhancement of colours Enhanced pattern recognition

Geometry

Hallucinatory States

Auditory

The auditory effects of MDMA are common in their occurrence and exhibit a partial range of effects.

Enhancements

Forked from Subjective Effect Documentation

by Josie KinsNovember 2012.

Reagent Testing

Loading reagent data

Expected colorimetric results are being prepared.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics

Interactions

Dangerous

Highest risk

These combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.

AMTDXMLithiumMAOIsMephedroneTramadol

Unsafe

Avoid

There is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.

PCPPregabalin

Caution

Use caution

2C-T-x compounds5-MeO-xxT tryptaminesAlcoholAmphetaminesCaffeineCocaineDOx compoundsGHB/GBLMXENBOMe compounds

TripSit

Tolerance

Full Tolerance

Baseline Reset

Half Tolerance

Approximately 1 month after a single administration

Cross Tolerance

Dopaminergic stimulants, Serotonergic stimulants

Harm Potential

Addiction & Dependence

Psychological

Low

Physical

Low

Toxicity

Central Nervous System

Cardiovascular

Hepatic

Liver toxicity has been reported rarely with MDMA use; the liver is stressed during acute intoxication due to extensive hepatic metabolism.

Renal

Kidneys are stressed during MDMA use; individuals with pre-existing kidney disorders may be at higher risk of complications.¹⁸

Psychosis Risk

Seizure Risk

History & Culture

Discovery and Early Development

Trip Reports

Combinations

Trip Reports

Legality

International

UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 (Schedule I, added February 1986)

By Country

United StatesIllegalSchedule I

Controlled Substances Act and 21 CFR § 1308.11⁹⁶⁹⁷⁹⁸

By state

Alaska

Illegalschedule_iia

AustriaIllegalAnhang V

Suchtgiftverordnung³²³³

Prohibited under the Suchtmittelgesetz (SMG). Possession, production, and sale are criminal offenses.

BrazilIllegalLista F2

Portaria SVS/MS nº 344/1998, Anexo I³⁵³⁶

Listed under Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.³⁷ Production, distribution, and possession are illegal.

ChileIllegalLista I

Supreme Decree No. 405 of 1983, Regulation of Psychotropic Products⁴²

DenmarkIllegalListe A

Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer⁴⁴

Possession, production, and sale are prohibited under Danish drug control legislation.

FinlandControlled substance (hard drug)Citation needed

Listed in Finland's controlled substances registry in the hard-drug category. Possession, production, and sale without authorization are illegal.

GermanyIllegalAnlage I

Betäubungsmittelgesetz⁴⁹⁵⁰

ItalyIllegalTabella I

Tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope, DPR 309/1990⁵²

Listed in Tabella I of the controlled substances tables (Tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope). Possession, purchase, and sale are prohibited.

LatviaIllegalI saraksts

Latvijā kontrolējamo narkotisko vielu, psihotropo vielu un prekursoru saraksti⁵⁵

Classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. Possession, production, and distribution are illegal.

NetherlandsIllegalLijst I

Opiumwet⁵⁸

NorwayIllegalP I

Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften)^62636465

PhilippinesIllegalDangerous drug

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002⁶⁹⁷⁰

PortugalDecriminalizedTabela II-A

Lei nº 30/2000⁷³⁷⁴

SingaporeIllegalClass A

Misuse of Drugs Act 1973⁷⁸⁷⁹

SpainIllegalLista I

Orden de 30 de mayo de 1986⁸²⁸³

SwitzerlandIllegalVerzeichnis D

Betäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung (BetmVV-EDI)⁸⁵⁸⁶

Specifically listed as a controlled substance under Verzeichnis D of Swiss narcotics legislation.

United Arab EmiratesIllegalPsychotropic Schedule I

MOHAP controlled narcotics and psychotropics list⁹⁰⁹¹

MDMA is listed by the Ministry of Health and Prevention as a Psychotropic Schedule I substance. The Ministry's controlled-medicines guidance marks MDMA as prohibited for travellers.

AustraliaPrescription onlySchedule 8

Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—July 2023) Instrument 2023²⁸²⁹

BelgiumIllegalTableau I

Arrêté royal du 6 septembre 2017 réglementant les substances stupéfiantes et/ou psychotropes³⁴

Possession, production, and sale are prohibited under national drug legislation.

CanadaIllegalSchedule I

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act³⁸³⁹

Czech RepublicIllegalSeznam I

Nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb., o seznamech návykových látek⁴³

Classified as a Schedule I controlled substance under national legislation.

EgyptIllegalالجدول رقم (1)

Minister of Health and Population Decision No. 44 of 2026, replacing the schedules annexed to Anti-Narcotics Law No. 182 of 1960⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁷

FranceIllegalStupéfiants

Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants⁴⁸

Classified as a narcotic substance under French law. Possession, purchase, sale, and manufacture are prohibited.

IndiaIllegalSchedule

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985⁵¹

JapanIllegalNarcotic

Cabinet Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw-material Plants, Psychotropic Drugs, and Narcotic and Psychotropic Raw Materials⁵³⁵⁴

LuxembourgIllegalStupéfiants

Loi modifiée du 19 février 1973 concernant la vente de substances médicamenteuses et la lutte contre la toxicomanie⁵⁶⁵⁷

Classified as a prohibited substance under national drug legislation.

New ZealandIllegalClass B1

Misuse of Drugs Act 1975⁶⁰⁶¹

Reclassified from the less restrictive Class B2 to Class B1 on August 2, 2005. Possession, manufacture, and supply carry significant criminal penalties.

PeruDecriminalizedArtículo 299

Código Penal (Decreto Legislativo Nº 635), artículo 299, modificado por Decreto Legislativo Nº 1592⁶⁶⁶⁷⁶⁸

PolandIllegalI-P

Regulation of the Minister of Health on the list of psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs and new psychoactive substances⁷¹⁷²

RussiaIllegalСписок I

Government Resolution No. 681 of 30 June 1998⁷⁶⁷⁷

Classified as a Schedule I prohibited substance. Possession, production, and distribution are criminal offenses.

South KoreaIllegal나목

Enforcement Decree of the Narcotics Control Act⁸⁰⁸¹

SwedenIllegalFörteckning I

Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika⁸⁴

Possession, production, and sale are prohibited under Swedish drug control legislation.

ThailandIllegalCategory I

Notification of the Ministry of Public Health Specifying Names and Categories of Narcotics under the Narcotics Code⁸⁷⁸⁸⁸⁹

United KingdomIllegalClass A

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971^92939495

References

Source Pages

Citations

Suggest an edit

Spotted a mistake, an outdated claim, or something missing from the MDMA article? Send the editors a private note. Feedback lands in a moderation queue and is never shown on the site.

MDMA

Contents

Dosage & Duration

Dosage

Duration

Subjective Effects

Physical

Cognitive

Visual

Enhancements

Geometry

Hallucinatory States

Auditory

Reagent Testing

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics

Interactions

Dangerous

Unsafe

Caution

Tolerance

Harm Potential

Addiction & Dependence

Psychological

Physical

Toxicity

Psychosis Risk

Seizure Risk

History & Culture

Discovery and Early Development

Trip Reports

Legality

International

By Country

References

Source Pages

Citations

Further Reading

Suggest an edit

MDMA

Contents

Dosage & Duration

Dosage

Duration

Subjective Effects

Physical

Cognitive

Visual

Enhancements

Geometry

Hallucinatory States

Auditory

Reagent Testing

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics

Interactions

Dangerous

Unsafe

Caution

Tolerance

Harm Potential

Addiction & Dependence

Psychological

Physical

Toxicity

Psychosis Risk

Seizure Risk

History & Culture

Discovery and Early Development

Trip Reports

Combinations

Trip Reports

Legality

International

By Country

References

Source Pages

Citations