white → green2 → green3
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DOB
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
Brolamfetamine, Bromo-DMA, Dimethoxybromoamphetamine
DOB is a psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx family, first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1967 and later documented in depth in his 1991 book PiHKAL. It was for many years considered the most potent known phenethylamine psychedelic.citation needed DOB is characterized by its unusually long duration of action and notably slow onset, which can take up to three hours — a property that increases the risk of accidental redosing.
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Doses are population estimates that vary widely between individuals.
Threshold~0.2 mg
Light0.2-0.75 mg
Moderate0.75-1.75 mg
Strong1.75-2.5 mg
Heavy2.5+ mg
The onset of DOB is characteristically slow, with full effects often not manifesting until one to two hours after ingestion. Attempting to redose before this onset period has concluded substantially elevates the risk of overdose. Physical stimulation and difficulty sleeping frequently outlast the main psychedelic effects and can continue for an extended period, sometimes reaching 36 hours following larger doses.
Duration
Onset30-90 minutes
Come Up2-4 hours
Peak6-10 hours
Offset4-8 hours
After Effects4-16 hours
Total14-24 hours
Subjective Effects
Legacy content. A statistically backed ontology from Mindstate Design Labs is coming soon.
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
The physical effects of DOB can be broken down into five components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
Cognitive
The head space of DOB is described by many as one of mental stimulation and a powerful enhancement of a person's current mental state. Many users report that it may not be as deep as other traditional psychedelics such as LSD or Psilocin and that it is comparatively empty in terms of its insightfulness.
Visual
Distortions
DOB presents a full and complete array of possible visual distortions.
Enhancements
DOB presents a full and complete array of possible visual enhancements.
Geometry
The visual geometry that is present throughout this trip can be described as more similar in appearance to that of LSD, 25I-NBOMe or 2C-B than that of Ayahuasca, Psilocin or 2C-E. They can be comprehensively described as unstructured in their organization, algorithmic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, small in size, fast and smooth in motion, colourful in scheme, glossy in colour, sharp in their edges and equally rounded and angular in their corners. They give off a synthetic feel to them that at higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of Level 7A visual geometry over Level 7B.
Hallucinatory States
DOB is capable of producing a full range of low and high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is significantly less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used psychedelics.
Auditory
The auditory effects of DOB are common in their occurrence and exhibit a full range of effects.
See also: Psychedelic Intensity Scale, Effects of psychedelics (visual, cognitive, miscellaneous)
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
DOB acts as a partial agonist at the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors, with its psychedelic effects primarily mediated through 5-HT2A activation.citation needed It displays notable selectivity for the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily and demonstrates high efficacy in triggering downstream 5-HT2 receptor-mediated signaling. DOB is also a very weak agonist at the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). The compound is typically encountered as a racemate, with R-(−)-DOB serving as the more pharmacologically active enantiomer.
Pharmacokinetics
DOB is extensively metabolized, with only a small amount of unchanged drug excreted. Metabolism proceeds through O-demethylation (at least partly catalyzed by CYP2D6),1 oxidative deamination, and reduction to corresponding alcohols.2 DOB has been reported to weakly inhibit CYP2D6, though likely not to a degree sufficient to cause significant drug interactions.1 Following intravenous administration, the drug initially accumulates in the lungs before distributing to the liver and brain;citation needed after oral administration, a similar distribution pattern is observed without the initial pulmonary concentration. It has been suggested that DOB may function as a prodrug that undergoes metabolism in the lungs.3
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Unsafe
AvoidThere is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.
Caution
Use cautionThese combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
2C-T-x compounds2C-x compounds5-MeO-xxT tryptaminesCaffeineCannabisDiphenhydramineMAOIsMDMAMephedroneMescalineMXENBOMe compoundsPregabalin
Tolerance
Tolerance timelines are rules of thumb, not exact schedules, and vary widely between individuals and use patterns.
Full Tolerance
Tolerance to the effects of DOB develops almost immediately after ingestion. The substance appears to have a self-regulating quality, with many users naturally spacing out their experiences.
Baseline Reset
7-10 days
Half Tolerance
4-7 days
Cross Tolerance
Serotonergic psychedelics, 5-HT2A agonists
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
Extremely LowDOB is not habit-forming and the desire to use it typically decreases with use. It is most often self-regulating, with many users experiencing a naturally limiting quality to the substance.
Physical
Extremely LowDOB is not physically addictive and does not produce physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms.
Toxicity
Cardiovascular
Severe vasoconstriction is the primary toxicity concern, developing progressively and peaking several hours into intoxication; at overdose levels this has resulted in diffuse arterial spasm, peripheral vasospasm, and in extreme cases gangrene requiring amputation of extremities.citation needed
Central Nervous System
Overdose can produce convulsions and seizure activity, typically occurring alongside other severe symptoms such as coma, metabolic acidosis, and cerebral edema; at typical recreational doses, the primary concerns are confusion, attention lapses, and sleep disturbances.citation needed
Psychosis Risk
The long duration and stimulating nature of DOB increase the risk of psychological disturbance. Use can trigger latent psychoses, and frequent use carries risk of loss of reality that may manifest as anxiety states or schizophrenic traits. As sleep deprivation accumulates during extended experiences, stimulant psychosis may emerge with external hallucinations blending into psychedelic visuals around the 16-24 hour mark. Overdose can produce bizarre, delusional, and sometimes violent behavior.
Seizure Risk
Seizures are primarily a concern at overdose levels rather than at typical recreational doses. Convulsive activity has been documented in multiple overdose case reports, sometimes contributing to fatal outcomes.citation needed The seizure threshold may be lowered when combined with other substances such as tramadol.
History & Culture
Discovery and Early Research
DOB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1967 as part of research examining how 4-position substitutions affect metabolic stability in phenethylamine compounds. The first published scientific report appeared in 1971, documenting toxicology findings and initial pharmacological…
Trip Reports
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Legality
International
1961 Single Convention: DOB is not individually scheduled.
1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances: DOB is scheduled in Schedule I.
1988 Convention: DOB is not listed in precursor Tables I or II.
By Country
Illegal36
ArgentinaIllegalDecreto No. 772/2015, Anexo I (Listado de Sustancias Controladas); Ley No. 23.737, arts. 5, 14 and 4045
DOB is named as brolanfetamine in Annex I, the List of Controlled Substances substituted by Decree No. 772/2015. Under article 40 of Law No. 23.737, substances included in lists periodically prepared and updated by presidential decree are estupefacientes; the law criminalises unauthorised production, trafficking and possession of estupefacientes.
AustraliaIllegalDOB is listed as 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamfetamine in Schedule 9 of the Poisons Standard. Schedule 9 identifies prohibited substances whose manufacture, possession, supply, or use should be prohibited by law except for approved medical, scientific, analytical, teaching, or training purposes.
BelgiumIllegalBrolamfetamine (DOB) is expressly listed in Annexe IIA, which covers substances in Table I of the INCB Green List under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The current AFMPS consolidation has applied since 29 March 2026. The listing places DOB within the Royal Decree's psychotropic-substances control regime, subjecting its handling to the decree's authorisation controls.
BrazilIllegalPortaria SVS/MS No. 344/199812
DOB is listed as brolamfetamine in Lista F2 of Brazil's special-control lists. Lista F substances are prohibited under the national controlled-medicines framework.
CanadaIllegalControlled Drugs and Substances Act, Schedule I, item 19(14)13
DOB is expressly listed as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine in Schedule I to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Except as authorized by the regulations, the Act prohibits possession, trafficking, importing, exporting and producing Schedule I substances.
ChileIllegalSupreme Decree No. 405 of 1983, Regulation of Psychotropic Products14
DOB is listed in Lista I of Chile's Regulation of Psychotropic Products. The regulation prohibits manufacture, distribution, sale, possession and keeping of Lista I drugs except for authorised scientific research.
ChinaIllegalCatalogue of Non-medical Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances15
DOB is listed in China's catalogue of non-medical narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The non-medical catalogue prohibits unauthorised production, trade, use, storage and transport.
ColombiaIllegalResolution No. 315 of 202016
DOB is included in Colombia's technical list of substances subject to fiscalization as a Green List I psychotropic substance. The regime controls importation, exportation, manufacture, distribution, dispensing and use of listed substances.
Czech RepublicIllegalDOB is listed as brolamfetamine in List No. 4 of Government Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll., which sets out Czech schedules of addictive substances. Handling scheduled addictive substances, including possession, manufacture, import, export and distribution, is permitted only under the authorisation regime in Act No. 167/1998 Coll.
DenmarkIllegalBekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer19
DOB is included in Liste B of Denmark's order on euphoriant substances. The order regulates listed substances and preparations containing them.
FinlandIllegalGovernment Decree on narcotic substances, preparations and plants (543/2008)20
DOB is listed as a narcotic substance in the Finnish narcotics decree. Manufacture, import, export, sale and possession of substances in the decree require the statutory permit.
FranceIllegalArrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants21
Brolamfetamine is classified as a narcotic substance in France's national narcotics list. The classification subjects it to the French narcotics-control regime.
IndiaIllegalNarcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 198523
DOB is listed as a psychotropic substance in the Schedule to India's Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act. Section 8 prohibits unauthorised production, manufacture, possession, sale, purchase, transport, use and import or export of a psychotropic substance.
IndonesiaIllegalLaw No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics24
DOB is listed in Annex I to Indonesia's Narcotics Law as a Group I narcotic. Group I narcotics are prohibited for health-service use and are limited to authorised scientific and technological purposes.
JapanIllegalCabinet Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw-material Plants, Psychotropic Drugs, and Narcotic and Psychotropic Raw Materials25
DOB and its salts are designated narcotics under Japan's Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act framework. Import, export, manufacture, transfer, possession and use are restricted to authorised handling.
MexicoIllegalLey General de Salud, Articles 245(I), 248 and 24928
Mexico's current consolidated General Health Law expressly lists brolamfetamine (DOB; 2,5-dimetoxi-4-bromoanfetamina) in Article 245(I). Article 248 prohibits the acts described in Article 247 in relation to substances in that group, while Article 249 permits the Health Ministry to authorise acquisition for scientific research under its controls. The Article 478 non-prosecution rule is limited to narcotics named in the Article 479 table, which does not list DOB.
New ZealandIllegalDOB is listed in Schedule 1 to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 as a Class A controlled drug, identified as 2-amino-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propane, also known as bromo-DMA. The Act prohibits possessing, using, supplying, administering, manufacturing, importing, or exporting controlled drugs except as authorised.
NorwayIllegalForskrift om narkotika33
DOB is included in Norway's national narcotics list as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine. The regulation treats listed substances as narcotics under the Norwegian control regime.
PhilippinesIllegalRepublic Act No. 9165, Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 200234
DOB is a dangerous drug under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act because it is internationally scheduled under the 1971 Convention. Unauthorised importation, sale, manufacture, possession and use of dangerous drugs are criminal offences.
PolandIllegalRozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych, Annex 135
Listed as a controlled substance under Polish drug legislation. Possession, production, and distribution are prohibited.
RussiaIllegalGovernment Resolution No. 681 of 30 June 199837
DOB is included in List I of Russia's controlled-substances list. List I covers substances whose circulation is prohibited in the Russian Federation.
SingaporeIllegalMisuse of Drugs Act 197338
DOB is a Class A controlled drug in Part I of the First Schedule to Singapore's Misuse of Drugs Act. The Act criminalises unauthorised possession, trafficking, manufacture, import, export and consumption of controlled drugs.
South AfricaIllegalDrugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 199239
DOB is listed as an undesirable dependence-producing substance in Schedule 2 to the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act. Use, possession and dealing are prohibited except under the medical-authorisation conditions stated in the Act.
South KoreaIllegalEnforcement Decree of the Narcotics Control Act40
DOB is listed as a psychotropic drug in the Enforcement Decree of the Narcotics Control Act. Persons other than authorised narcotics handlers may not possess, use, import, export, manufacture or trade in psychotropic substances.
SpainIllegalReal Decreto 2829/1977, de 6 de octubre41
DOB is included as brolamfetamine in Lista I of Spain's psychotropic-substances schedules. Lista I substances are subject to the decree's prohibition and control regime.
SwedenIllegalLäkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika, Förteckning I; Förordning (1992:1554) om kontroll av narkotika, 3 §4243
Brolamfetamin, identified as DOB and Brom-STP, is expressly listed in Sweden's Förteckning I in Läkemedelsverket's current consolidated LVFS 2011:10. The schedule is issued under 3 § of Förordning (1992:1554), which directs Läkemedelsverket to prepare and publish narcotics schedules. Schedule I covers substances that normally have no medical use.
ThailandIllegalNotification of the Ministry of Public Health Specifying Names and Categories of Narcotics under the Narcotics Code46
DOB is a Category I narcotic under Thailand's Narcotics Code classification. Category I narcotics may not be produced, imported, exported or possessed without the Ministry's authority.
UkraineIllegalCabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 770 of 6 May 2000, current consolidated text47
DOB is listed as Brolamfetamine (ДОБ, DOB) in Table I, List No. 2 of Ukraine's controlled-substances list. The list is headed ‘Especially dangerous psychotropic substances whose circulation is prohibited’; DOB is directly listed there.
United Arab EmiratesIllegalFederal Decree-Law No. 30 of 2021 on Combating Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances48
DOB is a Schedule 6 psychotropic substance under the UAE's Federal Decree-Law on combating narcotics and psychotropic substances. Importation, exportation, production, manufacture and possession are prohibited except in authorised cases.
Controlled / restricted1
RomaniaControlled (high-risk)Classified as a controlled substance and designated as a high-risk drug under Romanian law.36
References
Source Pages
Citations
- Dinger, J., Meyer, M. R., & Maurer, H. H.. (2008). 2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine-derived designer drugs: studies on the identification of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes involved in formation of their main metabolites and on their capability to inhibit CYP2D6. Toxicology Letters, 183(1-3), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.09.01412
- Ewald, A. H., Fritschi, G., Bork, W. R., & Maurer, H. H.. (2006). Designer drugs 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromo-amphetamine (DOB) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromo-methamphetamine (MDOB): studies on their metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 41(4), 487-498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.10071
- Shulgin, Alexander. (2005-05-03). DOB and Other Possible Prodrugs. Ask Dr. Shulgin Online. http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/blg/2005/05/dob-and-other-possible-prodrugs.html1
- Decreto No. 772/2015, Anexo I (Listado de Sustancias Controladas); Ley No. 23.737, arts. 5, 14 and 40. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto_772-15.pdf1
- Decreto No. 772/2015, Anexo I (Listado de Sustancias Controladas); Ley No. 23.737, arts. 5, 14 and 40. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-23737-138/actualizacion1
- Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 2026. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L00633/latest/text1
- Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 2026. tga.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/publication/publications/poisons-standard-susmp1
- Suchtgiftverordnung, Anhang V; Suchtmittelgesetz. ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/eli/bgbl/ii/1997/374/ANL5/NOR400717871
- Suchtmittelgesetz (SMG) – Anlage / controlled substances list. Austrian Federal Chancellery (RIS) (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=100118001
- Royal Decree of 6 September 2017 regulating narcotic and psychotropic substances, Annexe IIA. ejustice.just.fgov.be (n.d.). https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/eli/arrete/2017/09/06/2017031231/justel1
Further Reading
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Recent changes8 human edits · latest
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Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
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