Mephedrone
4-MMC
Mephedrone is a synthetic entactogen-stimulant of the substituted cathinone class. Originally synthesized in 1929, it was rediscovered in 2003 and rapidly gained popularity as an online research chemical between 2007 and 2009, particularly in the United Kingdom. Its effects are frequently compared to a combination of MDMA and cocaine. Mephedrone's short duration and intense rush are associated with compulsive redosing, and it is sometimes misrepresented as MDMA.
Contents
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Threshold~15 mg
Light15-50 mg
Moderate50-100 mg
Strong100-150 mg
Heavy150+ mg
Bioavailability
~10% (rat data)
Duration
Onset15-45 minutes
Come Up15-30 minutes
Peak0.75-1.5 hours
Offset0.5-1.5 hours
After Effects2-4 hours
Total2-5 hours
Half-life
~2 hours
Subjective Effects
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
The physical effects of mephedrone can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
Cognitive
The cognitive effects of mephedrone can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of mephedrone is described by many as one of extreme mental stimulation and powerful euphoria. It contains a large number of typical stimulant cognitive effects.
Reagent Testing
Loading reagent data
Expected colorimetric results are being prepared.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Mephedrone acts primarily as a substrate-type releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor at the serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine transporters. It preferentially releases serotonin over dopamine, functioning as a full releaser of serotonin but only a partial releaser of dopamine. Beyond its transporter-mediated effects, mephedrone is a potent near-full agonist at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and shows significant affinity for the 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, and α2-adrenergic receptors, though it is inactive as an agonist at 5-HT2B. It also activates rodent TAAR1 at micromolar potencies but does not appear to act as an agonist at the human TAAR1.
Pharmacokinetics
Mephedrone is rapidly absorbed following oral or intranasal administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically reached within 0.5 to 1 hour. It readily crosses the blood-brain barrier (brain-to-plasma ratio of approximately 1.85 in rats) and has a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 2 hours. The drug undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism primarily via CYP2D6, with major phase I pathways including N-demethylation, ketone reduction, and tolyl group oxidation. Absolute bioavailability in rats is approximately 10%, consistent with substantial hepatic first-pass metabolism, and plasma protein binding is approximately 22%. Mephedrone exhibits enantioselective pharmacokinetics in which the R-(+) enantiomer reaches higher peak concentrations and persists longer than the S-(-) enantiomer.
Tolerance
Full Tolerance
Repeated mephedrone use over time can blunt many effects, often requiring higher doses for similar results. Users often report that overuse degrades the initial 'magic,' a pattern similar to what is described with MDMA.
Baseline Reset
1-2 weeks
Half Tolerance
3-7 days
Cross Tolerance
Dopaminergic stimulants
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
HighChronic use is considered highly addictive with an extreme potential for abuse and psychological dependence. The urge to redose is notoriously strong, particularly with insufflation, with many users reporting difficulty controlling their intake within a single session. Compulsive redosing patterns similar to or exceeding those of other euphoric stimulants are commonly described, leading to consumption of far more than intended.
Physical
LowPhysical dependence is unlikely to develop significantly. Withdrawal symptoms are minimal and not life-threatening, though dependence may manifest as restlessness, tremors, insomnia, and hyperactivity following cessation of regular use.
Toxicity
Cardiovascular
Acute cardiovascular effects including elevated blood pressure, increased heart rate, and vasoconstriction occur during intoxication; severe vasoconstriction resulting in bluish discolouration of extremities has been reported with repeated dosing over extended sessions at cumulative doses exceeding 600 mg.
Central Nervous System
Animal studies indicate mephedrone is a monoaminergic neurotoxin inducing serotonergic neurotoxicity; persistent serotonergic deficits have been observed following binge-like use patterns, particularly in warm environments, though some evidence suggests mephedrone may be less neurotoxic than corresponding amphetamines like MDMA at moderate doses.
Nasal and Upper Respiratory
Insufflation causes local irritation including pain, swelling, nosebleeds, and sinusitis; these effects are route-specific and occur primarily with heavy or repeated intranasal use.
Hematological
One case of acquired methaemoglobinaemia with bluish discolouration of lips and fingers has been reported following insufflation of one gram; this appears to be a rare adverse effect.
Psychosis Risk
High doses may lead to psychotic reactions including hallucinations, delusions, and erratic behaviour. Anxiety and paranoia are more commonly reported adverse effects. The most severe psychiatric effects appear to be associated with high doses or prolonged use, and risk may be elevated in individuals with predisposition to schizophrenia.
Seizure Risk
Seizures have been documented in clinical case series, with one hospital report finding 20% of treated patients experienced seizures. A fatal case in Sweden involved convulsions. Individuals with pre-existing seizure disorders may be at elevated risk when using stimulants.
History & Culture
Discovery and Synthesis
Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929 by Saem de Burnaga Sanchez, who published his work in the Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France under the chemical name "toluyl-alpha-monomethylaminoethylcetone." Following this initial synthesis, the compound remained an obscure product of academic
Legality
International
Mephedrone is not scheduled under the 1961, 1971, or 1988 UN drug-control conventions.
By Country
United StatesIllegalSchedule I
Federally scheduled in July 2012 under the Controlled Substances Act. Illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute without a DEA license. Prior to federal scheduling, numerous states enacted emergency bans starting in 2010-2011 including Alabama, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, and others.
AustriaIllegalAnhang V.2
Illegal to possess, produce, and sell under the Suchtmittelgesetz (Narcotics Act) as of August 21, 2010.
BrazilIllegalLista F2
RDC nº 36, de 3 de agosto de 2011, updating Portaria SVS/MS nº 344/19987
Added to the list of scheduled drugs as of August 2011. Illegal to possess, sell, or manufacture without a license.
ColombiaRestrictedLista Verde II
Resolution No. 000116 of 2026 replaces the technical annexes adopted by Resolution 315 of 2020 and lists mephedrone (MEFEDRONA), (RS)-2-metilamino-1-(4-metilfenil)propan-1-ona, in Lista Verde, Lista II. This listing places it under the fiscalización regime for specially controlled substances. The rules regulate import, export, processing, manufacture, distribution, dispensing, purchase, sale, destruction, and use rather than imposing an absolute prohibition.
Czech RepublicRestrictedList No. 4
Government Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll., on lists of addictive substances, Appendix No. 4 (List No. 4 of psychotropic substances), read with Act No. 167/1998 Coll. §§ 3(2) and 41213
Mephedrone is expressly listed in Appendix No. 4, List No. 4 of the Czech Government Regulation on lists of addictive substances. Act No. 167/1998 Coll. limits substances in Appendices 3 and 4 to the limited research, scientific, and very limited therapeutic purposes specified in an authorisation to handle addictive substances; other handling requires authorisation. This classification is recorded as restricted_other rather than an absolute prohibition.
EstoniaIllegalList I
Classified as a controlled substance as of November 2009.
FranceIllegalAnnexe IV
Arrêté du 7 juin 2010 modifiant l’arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants1920
Added to the list of illicit substances by the Ministry of Health in early June 2010, published in the Journal Officiel du 11 juin 2010.
GuernseyClass B
Classified as a Class B controlled substance as of April 16, 2010.
IndiaIllegalPsychotropic substance
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, Schedule23
Added to the list of controlled psychotropic substances, reportedly in 2014 or early 2015.
IrelandIllegalSchedule 1
Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2017, S.I. No. 173/2017, Schedule 126
Controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 as of May 11, 2010.
IsraelControlled substance
First country to ban mephedrone by name in December 2007. Added to the list of controlled substances, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess. Israel subsequently banned four families of substances including cathinones and methcathinones in July 2010.
JapanIllegalNarcotic (item 129)
Cabinet Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw Materials Plants, Psychotropics and Narcotic/Psychotropic Raw Materials, item 129, under the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act2829
Japan’s Cabinet Order designates 2-(methylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (mephedrone) and its salts as a narcotic in item 129. Under the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, unauthorised import, export, manufacture, preparation, division, transfer, receipt, and possession of narcotics other than diacetylmorphine are criminal offences.
LithuaniaControlled substance
Classified as a controlled substance as of June 20, 2010.
NetherlandsIllegalLijst I
Mephedrone (mefedron; 4-MMC) is expressly listed in List I of the Dutch Opium Act. Article 2 prohibits unauthorised import, export, preparation, processing, sale, supply, transport, possession, and manufacture; statutory exemptions and dispensations are limited to authorised circumstances.
PolandIllegalGroup II-P psychotropic substance
Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych, consolidated text Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1139343536
Mephedrone is listed as MEFEDRON (4-metylometkatynon) in Group II-P of Poland’s current controlled-psychotropic-substances schedule. The former I-P designation is no longer current, and unauthorised handling is subject to Poland’s controlled-substances regime.
RomaniaControlled substance
Added to the list of controlled substances in February 2010.
SingaporeIllegalClass A drug
Misuse of Drugs Act 1973, First Schedule, Part 141
Mephedrone is a Class A controlled drug under Part 1 of the First Schedule to Singapore’s Misuse of Drugs Act 1973. Unauthorised handling is subject to the Act’s controlled-drug offences.
South KoreaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Schedule 3 item 22
Attached Table 3, item 22 of the Enforcement Decree classifies methcathinone and its analogues as psychotropic drugs under Article 2(3)(a) of the Narcotics Control Act. Its structural definition covers compounds with a methcathinone core and a substituted phenyl group bearing, among permitted substituents, an alkyl group. 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) falls within that analogue definition.
SwedenIllegalFörteckning I
Mephedrone is listed in Förteckning I of Sweden’s narcotics schedules. Förteckning I covers substances that normally have no medical use. The schedule is maintained under the Ordinance (1992:1554) on control of narcotics.
ThailandIllegalCategory I narcotic
Notification of the Ministry of Public Health Re: Specifying Category 1 Narcotics, B.E. 2565 (2022)4950
Mephedrone is a Category I narcotic under the Ministry of Public Health notification, and Thailand’s Food and Drug Administration continues to list it in that category. Category I narcotics are subject to the Narcotics Code’s prohibitions and may be handled only under limited statutory authority.
UkraineIllegalСписок № 2
Mephedrone (4-MMC; 4-метилметкатинон) is listed in List No. 2 of Table I to Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 770. The list covers especially dangerous psychotropic substances whose circulation is prohibited in Ukraine.
United KingdomIllegalClass B
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2010, S.I. 2010/120758
Controlled as a Class B drug as of April 16, 2010 through the cathinone catch-all clause under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.
AustraliaIllegalSchedule 9
Classified as a prohibited substance under the Poisons Standard. Manufacture, possession, sale, or use is prohibited except for approved medical or scientific research purposes with Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities approval.
BelgiumRestrictedArrêté royal du 6 septembre 2017…
Arrêté royal du 6 septembre 2017 réglementant les stupéfiants et les substances psychotropes, arts. 1 and 656
The current official text identifies 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) as subject to control measures. Handling controlled products requires prior, personal activity authorisation limited to scientific or medical purposes. No annex designation is asserted because the official Justel consolidation makes the annexes available only as a Moniteur belge image.
ChinaCategory I psychotropic substanceCitation needed
Controlled as of September 1, 2010. Illegal to sell, buy, import, export, and manufacture.
CroatiaIllegalPsychotropic list §1
Popis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga, NN 19/2023, as amended by NN 154/20241011
Classified as a controlled substance as of January 12, 2010.
DenmarkIllegalList B
Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer14
Banned by the Minister for Health and Prevention on December 18, 2008. Denmark also implemented an analogue law effective July 1, 2012 that covers cathinone derivatives including mephedrone.
FinlandIllegalLista I
Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista (543/2008), liite I; Huumausainelaki (373/2008), 5 §1718
Mephedrone is expressly listed as "Mefedroni (4-MMC) (4-metyylimetkatinoni)" in List I of Finland’s current decree on substances, preparations, and plants considered narcotic drugs. Under section 5 of the Narcotics Act, production, manufacture, import, export, transport, distribution, trade, handling, possession, and use are prohibited except as authorised by law.
GermanyIllegalAnlage I
Betäubungsmittelgesetz, Anlage I21
Controlled under Anlage I of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz (Narcotics Act, Schedule I) as of January 22, 2010. Illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure, or dispense without a license.
HungaryIllegalP1
78/2022. (XII. 28.) BM rendelet az ellenőrzött anyagokról22
Classified as a List 1 controlled substance as of January 1, 2011.
IndonesiaIllegalNarkotika Golongan I
Minister of Health Regulation No. 15 of 2025 (Permenkes No. 15 Tahun 2025) on Changes to Narcotics Classification, Appendix A, List of Group I Narcotics, item 752425
Mephedrone (4-MMC) is item 75 in List A of Group I Narcotics in the appendix to Minister of Health Regulation No. 15 of 2025. Effective 28 November 2025, the regulation limits Group I narcotics to scientific development, excludes their use in health services, and identifies them as having a very high potential for dependence.
Isle of ManIllegal
Illegal to import or sell since February 2010.
ItalyIllegalTabella I
Decreto 16 giugno 201027
Listed in Tabella I of the controlled substances tables, making it illegal to possess, purchase, or sell.
JerseyClass CCitation needed
Classified as a Class C controlled substance since December 2010.
MexicoIllegalGrupo I
Ley General de Salud, artículo 24530
Classified as a Schedule I controlled substance as of January 7, 2014.
NorwayIllegalP II
Forskrift om narkotika, FOR-2013-02-14-19933
Controlled under the Derivatbestemmelsen, an analogue act-type law that covers mephedrone alongside other substances.
PortugalIllegalTabela II-A
Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93, de 22 de janeiro, Tabela II-A, as amended by Lei n.º 13/2012, de 26 de março373839
Portugal expressly controls mephedrone as 4-metilmetcatinona (mefedrona) in Tabela II-A to Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93. Lei n.º 13/2012 added it to Tabela II-A, rather than Tabela II-C, effective 27 March 2012. The decree-law applies the controlled-substances regime to the listed substance, and unauthorised trafficking and other handling remain subject to criminal controls.
RussiaIllegalList I
Government Resolution No. 681 of 30 June 1998, List I40
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) is listed in List I of Government Resolution No. 681, Russia’s controlled-substances schedule. List I covers narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances whose circulation is prohibited in the Russian Federation.
Slovak RepublicIllegalGroup I
Act No. 139/1998 Z.z. on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and preparations42
Controlled as of March 1, 2011.
SpainIllegalLista I
Orden SPI/201/2011, de 3 de febrero45
Classified as a Schedule I controlled substance as of February 10, 2011.
SwitzerlandIllegalVerzeichnis d
Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien (BetmVV-EDI)48
Mephedrone is listed in Verzeichnis d of the Federal Department of Home Affairs ordinance on narcotics, psychotropic substances, precursors, and auxiliary chemicals. The list covers substances subject to Switzerland’s strictest narcotics controls. Unauthorised manufacture, possession, trade, import, export, and supply are prohibited except under limited statutory authorisations.
TurkeyIllegalListe
Council of Ministers Decision No. 2012/2861 on Subjecting Certain Substances to Law No. 2313 on the Control of Narcotic Drugs515253
Mephedrone is item 4 of the list annexed to Council of Ministers Decision No. 2012/2861, which subjects it to Law No. 2313 on the Control of Narcotic Drugs. The decision has applied since its publication in Official Gazette No. 28241 on 22 March 2012. Unauthorised manufacture, import, export, sale, transfer, transport, storage, and possession of narcotic or stimulant substances are criminal offences under Articles 188 and 191 of the Turkish Penal Code.
United Arab EmiratesIllegalSchedule 5 (Cathinones)
Federal Decree-Law No. 30 of 2021 on Combating Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Schedule 55657
Mephedrone is listed under its chemical name, (RS)-2-methylamino-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one, in the cathinones section of Schedule 5 to the United Arab Emirates’ Federal Decree-Law No. 30 of 2021. Article 10 prohibits the import, export, transfer, production, manufacture, bringing into the country, possession, or acquisition of Schedule 5 substances, subject to authorised medical and scientific exceptions.
References
Source Pages
Citations
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