Mescaline
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine
Peyote, San Pedro, Cactus, Buttons
Mescaline is a naturally occurring psychedelic of the phenethylamine class.1 It is found in several cacti species, most notably peyote and San Pedro,2 and has a history of spiritual and medicinal use spanning over 3,000 years in South America. This tradition persisted even through post-Spanish Conquest suppression efforts. Mescaline can be obtained from natural plant sources or produced synthetically1 and is known for producing classical psychedelic effects.2
Contents
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Threshold~100 mg
Light100-200 mg
Moderate200-300 mg
Strong300-500 mg
Heavy500+ mg
Bioavailability
≥53%
These dosage values apply to mescaline in its hydrochloride salt form. Natural sources such as peyote or San Pedro cactus contain highly variable mescaline concentrations and should not be dosed as though they were equivalent to the pure compound.
Duration
Onset60-180 minutes
Peak1.9-4 hours
After Effects3-5 hours
Total6-12 hours
Half-life
2.6-5.3 hours
Subjective Effects
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
The physical effects of mescaline can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
Cognitive
The cognitive effects of mescaline can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. In comparison to other psychedelics such as Psilocin, LSA and ayahuasca, mescaline is significantly more stimulating and fast-paced in terms of the specific style of thought stream produced and contains a large number of potential effects.
Current mind state enhancementThought accelerationNovelty enhancementTime distortionDéjà vuMultiple thought streamsPersonal bias suppressionConceptual thinkingImmersion enhancementMemory suppressionEgo deathPersonality regressionThought loopsFeelings of interdependent oppositesDelusionsUnity and interconnectednessFeelings of self-designSpirituality enhancementThought disorganizationSimultaneous emotions
Visual
Distortions
Mescaline presents a full and complete array of possible visual distortions which generally includes:
Enhancements
Mescaline presents a full and complete array of possible visual enhancements which generally includes:
Geometry
The visual geometry that is present throughout this trip can be described as more similar in appearance to that of ayahuasca, 2C-P or Psilocin than that of LSD, 2C-B or 2C-I. They can be comprehensively described as structured in their organization, organic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, with a variable size that spontaneously changes between large and small in appearance, fast and smooth in motion, colourful in scheme, glossy in colour, primarily rounded yet somewhat angular in their corners. They give off a natural feel to them that at higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of Level 8B visual geometry over Level 8A
Hallucinatory States
Mescaline produces a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is more consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used psychedelics
Auditory
The auditory effects of mescaline are common in their occurrence and exhibit a full range of effects which commonly includes:
Multisensory
Reagent Testing
Loading reagent data
Expected colorimetric results are being prepared.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Mescaline acts primarily as a partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, which appears to be the principal mechanism underlying its psychoactive effects;2 the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin has been shown to block these effects in humans.2 It also binds the 5-HT2C receptor, where it displays pronounced biased agonism, and shows low efficacy at the 5-HT2B receptor.3 Mescaline lacks meaningful affinity for the monoamine transporters (SERT, NET, and DAT),3 though high doses in rodent models have been found to elevate serotonin metabolite levels, suggesting possible serotonin release or reuptake inhibition at elevated concentrations. It may also weakly promote dopamine release, though this is considered to be of modest significance.
Pharmacokinetics
Mescaline's oral bioavailability is not precisely established but appears to be at least 53%, based on the proportion excreted unchanged in urine.4 Oral doses undergo approximately 50% first-pass metabolism, after which further metabolism is relatively limited.4 The primary metabolic pathway is oxidative deamination, though the specific enzymes responsible remain uncertain; monoamine oxidase (MAO), diamine oxidase (DAO), and possibly other enzymes have been implicated. Mescaline does not appear to be metabolized by CYP2D6.5 The compound also exhibits relatively poor blood-brain barrier permeability due to its low lipophilicity, which is thought to contribute to its low potency.4
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Unsafe
AvoidThere is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.
Caution
Use cautionThese combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
Tolerance
Baseline Reset
At minimum one month between experiences is recommended for harm reduction purposes, though specific tolerance reset timelines have not been precisely characterized in clinical literature.
Cross Tolerance
Serotonergic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, DMT), Other 5-HT2A agonists
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
Extremely LowThere is no evidence of mescaline showing addiction or dependence.6 The substance does not appear to produce reinforcing effects that lead to compulsive use patterns.
Physical
Extremely LowNo physical dependence has been documented with mescaline use.6 The substance does not produce withdrawal symptoms upon cessation.
Toxicity
Hepatic
Liver damage has been reported at toxic doses of approximately 2 grams or more; occasional use at typical recreational doses is not associated with hepatotoxicity.
Respiratory
Respiratory paralysis may occur at toxic doses of approximately 2 grams or more; this represents an overdose scenario rather than a risk at typical recreational doses.
Cardiovascular
Acute cardiovascular effects including increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and palpitations occur during intoxication as part of sympathetic arousal;7 serious cardiovascular events are uncommon at typical doses and primarily concern individuals with pre-existing conditions.
Psychosis Risk
Rarely, in susceptible individuals such as those with a family history of schizophrenia, mescaline may cause psychosis. The substance can potentially trigger latent mental disorders even with single use in predisposed individuals.
Seizure Risk
Mescaline has some potential to cause seizures, particularly when combined with substances that lower seizure threshold. Seizure risk is notably elevated in combination with lithium or tramadol.
History & Culture
Ancient and Indigenous Use
Archaeological evidence from sites across the United States, Mexico, and Peru demonstrates that mescaline-containing cacti have been used in ceremonial and spiritual contexts for over 6,000 years.8 The San Pedro cactus has been in continuous spiritual and…
Legality
International
UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 (Schedule I)
By Country
United StatesIllegalSchedule I
Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. §§ 812, 841, 844; 21 C.F.R. §§ 1308.11, 1307.31); American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments of 1994 (42 U.S.C. § 1996a); Colorado Revised Statutes § 18-18-43485868788899091
Mescaline is a Schedule I controlled substance under the federal Controlled Substances Act; without federal authorization, its manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and possession are unlawful. Federal law protects peyote use, possession, and transportation by Indians for bona fide traditional ceremonies, while DEA regulations exempt nondrug peyote use in bona fide Native American Church ceremonies; these are peyote-specific provisions, not a general mescaline exemption. Since July 1, 2023, Colorado permits personal-use possession, consumption, sharing, cultivation, and manufacture of non-synthetic mescaline without remuneration under section 18-18-434, but excludes peyote and synthetic mescaline; federal law still applies.
By state
All other US states, D.C., and territories not listed above control mescaline consistently with its federal Schedule I status under the Controlled Substances Act, subject only to the federal religious-use exemption for peyote under the American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments of 1994.
MinnesotaIllegalschedule_i_peyote_religious_exemption
NevadaIllegalSchedule I peyote exception
South DakotaIllegalSchedule I peyote exemption
WisconsinIllegalSchedule I peyote exemption
WyomingIllegalSchedule I peyote exemption
AustraliaIllegalSchedule 9
Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 202618
Mescaline is listed in Schedule 9 of the Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 2026. Schedule 9 substances are prohibited from manufacture, possession, supply, and use except for approved medical, scientific, analytical, teaching, or training purposes; the applicable State and Territory laws implement those controls.
BelgiumIllegalAnnexe IIA
Mescaline is listed in Annexe IIA of the Royal Decree of 6 September 2017, the annex for substances in Table I of the INCB Green List under the 1971 Convention. Belgian drug legislation requires authorisation for dealings in listed psychotropic substances and restricts them to the regulated medical and scientific system.
ChinaIllegal非药用类
Announcement on Publishing the Catalogue of Non-pharmaceutical Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (2025)242526
Mescaline (麦司卡林; 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine; CAS 54-04-6) is item 257 of China’s 2025 Catalogue of Non-pharmaceutical Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, in force from 21 July 2025. The Regulation permits only controlled experimental research and prohibits its production, sale, use, storage, and transport. The catalogue identifies the chemical substance rather than creating a separate entry for living peyote or Echinopsis cacti.
DenmarkLegal (regulated)Liste B
Mescaline and mescaline-containing Echinopsis cacti are controlled in Liste B of Denmark’s Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer. Liste B substances may only be used for medical and scientific purposes, and import, sale, manufacture, possession and related activity must comply with the licensing rules.
FranceIllegalAnnexe III
Mescaline and its preparations are classified as narcotics in Annexe III of the Arrêté du 22 février 1990. Production, including cultivation, manufacture, transport, importation, exportation, possession, offer, transfer, acquisition, and use of narcotic substances, preparations, plants, and plant parts are prohibited without express authorization. Peyote is separately listed in Annexe IV, and the official lists do not establish an Echinopsis cultivation exemption.
IndiaIllegalThe Schedule
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 198540
Mescaline is included in The Schedule’s List of Psychotropic Substances to the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. Section 8 prohibits producing, manufacturing, possessing, selling, purchasing, transporting, warehousing, using, consuming, importing, exporting, or transshipping psychotropic substances except for medical or scientific purposes and as authorized by the Act, rules, or orders.
JapanIllegal麻薬
Cabinet Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw Material Plants, Psychotropic Substances and Narcotic Psychotropic Raw Materials4546
The Cabinet Order designates 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine (mescaline) and its salts as narcotics under Japan’s Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act. Dealings in a designated narcotic, including import, export, manufacture, preparation, subdivision, transfer, and possession for transfer, require the authorization provided by that Act.
NetherlandsIllegalLijst I
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyfenethylamine) is listed in Lijst I of the Opiumwet. Article 2 prohibits its import or export, cultivation, preparation, processing, sale, delivery, supply, transport, possession, and manufacture. Mescaline has been listed in Lijst I since at least 1 November 1976 and remains directly scheduled there after the latest amendment effective 9 July 2026.
NorwayIllegalP I
Meskalin is listed as P I in Norway’s Narkotikalisten and is marked as prohibited under section 5 of the Narkotikaforskriften. The regulation prohibits manufacture, acquisition, sale, import, export, storage, possession and use of narcotics so marked.
PolandIllegalI-P
Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych6061
Mescaline is listed as Meskalina in Group I-P of the Minister of Health regulation on psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs and new psychoactive substances. The classification places it within Poland’s controlled-substances regime under the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction.
RussiaIllegalList I
Government Resolution of the Russian Federation No. 681 of 30 June 199863
Mescaline and its derivatives are narcotic drugs in List I of Government Resolution No. 681, whose List I is reserved for substances whose circulation is prohibited in the Russian Federation. The resolution separately lists Lophophora williamsii and other mescaline-containing cacti as plants subject to control, so living cacti are not exempt. Their controlled-plant listing is distinct from the List I classification of mescaline itself.
South AfricaIllegalSchedule 2
Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992, Schedule 2 Part III, as substituted by Drugs and Drug Trafficking Amendment Act 14 of 20226667
Mescaline is listed as an undesirable dependence-producing substance in Schedule 2 to the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act. The Act prohibits the use and possession of drugs and the dealing in drugs; the 2022 Amendment Act substituted the current schedules.
SpainIllegalLista I
Real Decreto 2829/1977, de 6 de octubre69
Mescaline is listed in Lista I of Real Decreto 2829/1977, which regulates psychotropic substances and preparations. The decree subjects manufacture, distribution, prescription and dispensing of listed substances to the national control system.
TurkeyIllegalCetvel I
Mescaline is prohibited in Turkey under the 1971 Psychotropic Substances Convention, whose accession was approved by Law No. 2326 and whose approval was published under Cabinet Decision No. 8/2143 in the Official Gazette on 7 March 1981. The Convention lists “Meskalin” (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) in Cetvel I and prohibits all use except scientific and very limited medical use by authorized persons under government control. It requires special authorization for manufacture, trade, distribution, and possession; unauthorized drug manufacture, import, export, sale, supply, transport, storage, purchase, acceptance, and possession are criminalized by Turkish Penal Code article 188. The instrument does not separately list peyote or Echinopsis cacti; it controls mescaline itself, and Turkey’s accession act records no reservation for traditional use of naturally growing Schedule I plants.
United Arab EmiratesIllegalSchedule I
Federal Decree by Law No. 30 of 2021 on Combating Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances, Schedule 57980
Mescaline is a Schedule I psychotropic substance under Federal Decree by Law No. 30 of 2021. The UAE Ministry of Health and Prevention classifies it as prohibited, and the law treats substances in Schedules 5–8 as psychotropic substances.
ArgentinaIllegalAnexo I
Mescaline is listed in Annex I to Decree 122/2026, which replaced the controlled-substances annex to Decree 560/2019. The decree classifies the Annex I substances as estupefacientes for Article 77 of the Criminal Code, and the list is used in Argentina’s narcotics offences under Law 23,737.
AustriaIllegalAnhang V
Suchtgiftverordnung19
Mescaline is listed in Anhang V of Austria’s Suchtgiftverordnung as a substance in Schedule I of the 1971 Convention. The Suchtmittelgesetz applies narcotic-drug controls to the listed substance and its preparations, restricting possession, manufacture and supply to authorised activity.
CanadaIllegalSchedule III
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19)23
Mescaline and its salts are listed in Schedule III of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, except peyote (Lophophora). The Act prohibits unauthorized possession, trafficking, importation, and production of Schedule III substances. Production includes cultivating, propagating, or harvesting a living thing from which the substance may be extracted; Echinopsis cacti are not named in the peyote exception.
Czech RepublicIllegalSeznam č. 4
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is listed as a List 4 psychotropic substance under Government Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll., in force since 1 January 2014. Act No. 167/1998 Coll. confines List 4 substances and preparations to limited research, scientific, and very limited therapeutic purposes specified in a handling permit; unlicensed production, processing, acquisition, sale, storage, supply, and use are prohibited. For the Criminal Code’s plant-cultivation provision, Government Regulation No. 455/2009 Coll. enumerates cannabis, coca, and psilocybin/psilocin-containing fungi, not peyote (Lophophora) or Echinopsis/San Pedro cacti; extracted mescaline remains controlled under List 4.
FinlandIllegalLiite IV
Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista (543/2008)3334
Mescaline is listed as Meskaliini in Finland’s decree on substances, preparations and plants regarded as narcotics. The decree also expressly lists mescaline-containing cacti; the Huumausainelaki prohibits their cultivation for narcotic use or for the manufacture or production of narcotics.
GermanyIllegalAnlage I
Mescalin is listed in Anlage I of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz as a non-marketable narcotic. Cultivation, manufacture, trade, import, export, supply, sale, other circulation, and acquisition require authorization from the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices. An authorization for an Anlage I narcotic may be granted only exceptionally for scientific or other public-interest purposes. The Act does not name an exemption for Lophophora or Echinopsis cacti.
IndonesiaIllegalNarkotika Golongan I
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 15 Tahun 2025 tentang Perubahan Penggolongan Narkotika41424344
Since 28 November 2025, mescaline ("Meskalina", 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is listed as a Narkotika Golongan I under the current narcotics classification. Group I narcotics are prohibited for health-care use, except for narrowly authorised scientific, diagnostic, and laboratory purposes. Unauthorised possession, storage, control, supply, production, import, export, distribution, sale, or transport of Group I narcotics is criminally prohibited. The schedule names mescaline as a chemical substance and does not separately name peyote, San Pedro, Lophophora, Echinopsis, Trichocereus, or cacti.
MexicoIllegalFracción I
Ley General de Salud, arts. 245(I), 248–24947
Mescaline, including peyote (Lophophora williamsii), is listed in Article 245(I) of the General Health Law. Article 248 prohibits every act listed in Article 247 in relation to substances in that group; Article 249 permits the Health Secretariat to authorize acquisition only for scientific research by institutions with an approved protocol.
New ZealandIllegalClass A
Misuse of Drugs Act 197555
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a Class A controlled drug in Schedule 1 to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. Except under an Act licence, regulation, or statutory exception, the Act prohibits importing, exporting, producing, or manufacturing a controlled drug, and separately prohibits possession and use.
PhilippinesIllegalDangerous Drugs
Republic Act No. 9165 lists mescaline, identified as 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine, among dangerous drugs. The Act penalizes unauthorized importation, sale, administration, delivery, distribution, transportation, manufacture, and possession of dangerous drugs.
PortugalIllegalTabela II-A
Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93, de 22 de janeiro62
Mescaline is listed in Tabela II-A annexed to Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93. The decree subjects listed plants, substances and preparations to its drug-control regime, including restrictions on cultivation, production, trade, import, export, transport, possession and use.
SingaporeIllegalClass A
Mescaline is a Class A controlled drug in the First Schedule to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1973. The Act criminalizes unauthorized trafficking, manufacture, possession, consumption, importation, and exportation of controlled drugs, subject to its statutory exceptions and authorizations.
South KoreaIllegal향정신성의약품
Enforcement Decree of the Narcotics Control Act, Annex 368
Annex 3 to the Enforcement Decree of the Narcotics Control Act lists mescaline as a psychotropic drug under Article 2(3)(a) of the Act. The same Annex separately lists peyote (Lophophora williamsii), so both purified mescaline and the peyote cactus are specifically named controlled items.
SwitzerlandIllegalElenco d
Ordinanza del DFI sugli elenchi degli stupefacenti, delle sostanze psicotrope, dei precursori e dei coadiuvanti chimici (OEStup-DFI; RS 812.121.11)70717273
Mescaline, including the chemical synonym 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminoethane, is explicitly listed in Elenco d, the schedule of prohibited controlled substances, under the OEStup-DFI, which entered into force on 1 July 2011. Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) and San Pedro (Trichocereus pachanoi) are separately named in the same list, covering those specified living cacti as well as mescaline rather than creating a genus-wide listing for Echinopsis cacti. Unauthorised possession, custody, acquisition, cultivation, manufacture, import or export, supply, and placing narcotics on the market are offences under Article 19 of the Narcotics Act. List-d cultivation, importation, manufacture, and marketing require exceptional authorization from the Federal Office of Public Health in the defined statutory cases.
UkraineIllegalСписок № 2
Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 770, On Approval of the List of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors78
Mescaline is listed in List No. 2 of Table I of Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 770, the list of especially dangerous psychotropic substances whose circulation is prohibited. The resolution identifies mescaline as 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine. The listed substance is subject to the prohibited-circulation controls applicable to that list.
United KingdomIllegalClass A
Mescaline is a Class A controlled drug listed in Part I of Schedule 2 to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, and has been listed by name since the Act came into force on 1 July 1973. Unauthorised possession, production, supply, importation and exportation are offences. Mescaline is in Schedule 1 of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 in Great Britain and the corresponding Schedule 1 in Northern Ireland, so lawful access is limited to licensing; the schedules list mescaline by chemical name and do not separately list peyote, San Pedro, buttons, or living cacti.
References
Source Pages
Citations
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- Klaiber, Aaron, Ley, Laura, Becker, Anna M., Mueller, Lorenz, Luethi, Dino, & Liechti, Matthias E.. (2024). Acute dose-dependent effects of mescaline in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects. Translational Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03116-21234
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