25I-NBOMe
25I-NBOMe is a synthetic substituted phenethylamine psychedelic made from 2C-I by adding an N-benzyl group.citation needed Ralf Heim synthesized it at the Free University of Berlin in 2003, and it began appearing in recreational markets around 2010. It is notably potent, with active doses below one milligram.1 25I-NBOMe has a low safety ratio compared to classical psychedelics and has frequently been sold misrepresented as LSD.citation needed
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Doses are population estimates that vary widely between individuals.
Sublingual administration is the most widely used method for this substance. Users commonly report a pronounced metallic taste and numbness in the mouth. Doses at the heavy end of the range have been linked to fatal outcomes and are highly discouraged.
Duration
Subjective Effects
Legacy content. A statistically backed ontology from Mindstate Design Labs is coming soon.
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
Cognitive
The head space of 25I-NBOMe is described by many as remarkably light and underwhelming in comparison to the classical psychedelics. It is not uncommon for people to report feeling that their thought stream has maintained general normality in its specific style throughout low to moderate dosages. At high dosages however, mild to overwhelming cognitive alterations become present.
Visual
Distortions
Geometry
The visual geometry of 25I-NBOMe is often described as similar in appearance to that of LSD. They can be comprehensively described as algorithmic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, fine and zoomed out in detail, fast and smooth in motion, structured in shape, colourful in scheme, glossy in colour, sharp around the edges and mostly rounded across their corners. In comparison to other more commonly used psychedelics, they can be described as significantly more intricate than the visual geometry found within 2C-I and most of the 2C-x family and are completely on par with LSD, psilocin and DMT at appropriately high dosages. In terms of their behaviour, 25I-NBOMe's geometry leads onto Level 7A visual geometry with Level 7B remaining so far unconfirmed within this substance. They also seem to consistently build up in visual intensity when the tripper stares at a central point. This eventually envelops the visual field and creates the sensation that the tripper has broken through into a continuously shifting geometric landscape or structure with a vast sense of immersive physical size attributed to it.
Hallucinatory States
25I-NBOMe is capable of producing a full range of hallucinatory states within the level 1-3 range extremely consistently. However, level 4 hallucinatory breakthroughs are reported but very uncommon and inconsistent in comparison to other more commonly used psychedelics such as psilocin, 2C-E and DMT.
Auditory
See also: Psychedelic Intensity Scale, Effects of psychedelics (visual, cognitive, miscellaneous)
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
25I-NBOMe acts as a potent agonist at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor with exceptionally high binding affinity (Ki values ranging from 0.044 to 2.2 nM across studies).citation needed Functional assays generally characterize it as a high-efficacy partial agonist at 5-HT2A, with most studies reporting intrinsic activity between 78% and 91% relative to serotonin, though one study found substantially lower efficacy at 27%. Its psychedelic activity appears to be mediated primarily through 5-HT2A, as the head-twitch response it produces in mice is fully blocked by a selective 5-HT2A antagonist. 25I-NBOMe also activates 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors, with biased agonism reported at 5-HT2C. Beyond serotonin receptors, it shows weaker affinity at histamine H1, adrenergic α1 and α2, and dopamine receptors, and has been found to increase dopamine levels in rodent brain regions despite being inactive as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor or releasing agent.
Pharmacokinetics
25I-NBOMe undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, primarily through CYP3A4, with additional contributions from CYP2C19, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, and CYP2D6.citation needed It is not metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO-A or MAO-B). The principal Phase I metabolic pathways involve O-demethylation, hydroxylation, and N-dealkylation, followed by Phase II glucuronidation and sulfation. Its intrinsic clearance rate (approximately 4.2 L/h/kg) substantially exceeds hepatic blood flow, resulting in extensive first-pass metabolism and negligible oral bioavailability. CYP3A4 expression in the gut may contribute further to pre-systemic degradation.
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Unsafe
AvoidThere is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.
Caution
Use cautionThese combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
Tolerance
Tolerance timelines are rules of thumb, not exact schedules, and vary widely between individuals and use patterns.
Serotonergic psychedelics, All psychedelics (5-HT2A agonists)
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
Extremely Low25I-NBOMe is not habit-forming and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. The rapid development of tolerance makes compulsive use essentially impossible. It is most often self-regulating.
Physical
Extremely LowNo physical dependence or withdrawal syndrome has been documented. As with other psychedelics, physical dependence does not develop with use.
Toxicity
Acute cardiovascular effects including tachycardia, hypertension, and significant vasoconstriction occur during intoxication;citation needed severe overdoses can result in thrombosis and cardiac arrest, though serious cardiac events at common doses are uncommon.
Rhabdomyolysis (muscle tissue breakdown) occurs in severe overdoses and is one of the most frequently appearing symptoms in fatalities;citation needed this complication is associated with overdose-level doses rather than common recreational use.
Acute kidney injury has been documented in overdose cases, typically as a secondary complication of rhabdomyolysis rather than direct nephrotoxicity;citation needed this risk is primarily associated with severe overdoses.
Long-term neurological effects including memory and speech difficulties have been occasionally reported following use; animal studies suggest potential for reduced hippocampal neurogenesis, though human relevance is unclear.citation needed
Hyperthermia and temperature regulation suppression occur during intoxication; severe hyperpyrexia is documented in overdose cases and contributes to multi-organ complications.citation needed
Psychosis Risk
Confusion, delirium, paranoia, and psychotic episodes have been documented, particularly at strong doses or higher.citation needed Anxiety and paranoia appear to occur more readily than with other psychedelics. At least one fatal stabbing occurred during a psychotic episode induced by the drug. Persistent anxiety and PTSD have been reported following difficult experiences. Delirious states can include aggression and agitation, presenting danger to users and those nearby.
Seizure Risk
Seizures are one of the most frequently appearing symptoms in severe overdoses and fatalities.citation needed This effect is far more common at doses exceeding heavy ranges and may manifest as status epilepticus lasting more than 5 minutes or requiring medical intervention to stop. Seizures were present in 3 of 7 patients in one analytically confirmed case series.4
History & Culture
Discovery and Scientific Development
25I-NBOMe was first described in the scientific literature by Ralf Heim and colleagues at the Free University of Berlin around the year 2000, initially appearing in the form of conference abstracts.citation needed Heim provided a comprehensive account of the compound in his 2003…
Trip Reports
Loading related reports
Preparing section content
Still loading. Refresh if this section does not appear.
Legality
International
1961 Single Convention: 25I-NBOMe is not individually scheduled.
1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Schedule I.
1988 Convention: 25I-NBOMe is not listed in precursor Tables I or II.
By Country
References
Source Pages
Citations
- Poklis JL, Devers KG, Arbefeville EF, Pearson JM, Houston E, & Poklis A. (2015). Analysis of 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe and Other Dimethoxyphenyl-N-[(2-Methoxyphenyl) Methyl]Ethanamine Derivatives on Blotter Paper. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 39(8), 617–623. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv0731
- Anna Rickli, Dino Luethi, Julian Reinisch, Danièle Buchy, Marius C. Hoener, & Matthias E. Liechti. (December 2015). Receptor interaction profiles of novel N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines (2C drugs). Neuropharmacology, 99, 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.034123
- Patricia P. Wadowski, Georgiana-Aura Giurgea, Oliver Schlager, Anton Luf, Thomas Gremmel, Eva-Luise Hobl, Sylvia Unterhumer, Henriette Löffler-Stastka, & Renate Koppensteiner. (2019). Acute Limb Ischemia after Intake of the Phenylethylamine Derivate NBOMe. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph162450711
- Simon L. Hill, Tom Doris, Shiv Gurung, Stephen Katebe, Alexander Lomas, Mick Dunn, Peter Blain, & Simon H. L. Thomas. (July 2013). Severe clinical toxicity associated with analytically confirmed recreational use of 25I-NBOMe: case series. Clinical Toxicology, 51(6), 487–492. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.8027951234
- Anders Ettrup, Mikael Palner, Nic Gillings, Martin A. Santini, Martin Hansen, Birgitte R. Kornum, Lars K. Rasmussen, Kjell Någren, Jacob Madsen, Mikael Begtrup, & Gitte M. Knudsen. (November 2010). Radiosynthesis and evaluation of 11C-CIMBI-5 as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist radioligand for PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 51(11), 1763–1770. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.109.0740211
- Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 2026 — Federal Register record. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L00633/latest1
- Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 2026. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L00633/asmade/2026-05-28/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html1
- Explanatory Statement—Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 2026. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L00633/asmade/2026-05-28/es/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html1
- Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956 — compilation dated 13 July 2026. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F1996B03651/2026-07-13/2026-07-13/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html1
- Criminal Code Regulations 2019 — compilation C06 dated 13 December 2025. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2019L00561/2025-12-13/2025-12-13/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html1
Article Status
Step 1 · Automated synthesisAn autonomous workflow built by Josie Kins compiled this article's foundation from information published across the web.
- Step 2 · First-pass review
A first pass manual review and edit of article prose and copy has been performed by subject-matter expert Lyrea. This does not guarantee factual accuracy. An additional human review for each of this article's citations is yet to be performed.
- Step 3 · Citation reviewPending
No one has reviewed this article's citations yet. That second pass checks each claim against the source it cites.
Recent changes8 human edits · latest
Times are UTCNewest first
2 August 2026
Lyrea · Updated the article
24 January 2026
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Suggest an edit
Spotted a mistake, an outdated claim, or something missing from the 25I-NBOMe article? Send the editors a private note. Feedback lands in a moderation queue and is never shown on the site.
Wish to give generalised feedback? You can do so here.