white → yellow1 → orange2
2-FMA
2-Fluoromethamphetamine
2-FMA is a synthetic stimulant of the substituted amphetamine class, structurally related to methamphetamine through fluorination at the 2-position.12 Available as a research chemical since approximately 2012, it is frequently compared to lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) for its utility as a productivity and study aid. 2-FMA is generally regarded as less euphoric and less recreationally appealing than traditional amphetamines. Little formal research on the substance exists.2
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Threshold~5 mg
Light5-15 mg
Moderate15-30 mg
Strong30-50 mg
Heavy50+ mg
Duration
Onset20-60 minutes
Come Up15-40 minutes
Peak2.5-4 hours
Offset2-3 hours
After Effects4-12 hours
Total7-9 hours
Subjective Effects
In comparison to other substituted amphetamines, 2-FMA is particularly free of side effects such as nausea, high blood pressure, anxiety and an uncomfortable offset. It is considered to be an extremely functional and effective psychoactive substance for performing general productivity tasks of any sort. However, at higher doses, it becomes less of a productivity boost and more for recreational purposes due to the intensity of its euphoria and stimulation.
Physical
The physical effects of 2-FMA can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
Cognitive
The cognitive effects of 2-FMA can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
2-FMA has not been formally studied to the same extent as traditional amphetamines, and its precise mechanism of action remains unconfirmed.3 It is believed to function primarily as a dopamine and norepinephrine releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor. Additional activity at VMAT2 and TAAR1 has been suggested but remains unverified.
Pharmacokinetics
There have been no studies on the pharmacokinetic profile of 2-FMA and the metabolism of 2-FMA is unknown.
Metabolitesnone documented yet
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Tolerance
Full Tolerance
Prolonged repeated use can produce tolerance to many effects, so comparable results may require higher doses.
Baseline Reset
1-2 weeks
Half Tolerance
3-7 days
Cross Tolerance
Dopaminergic stimulants
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
ModerateChronic use can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. Compulsive redosing is reported as a potential cognitive effect.
Physical
LowWhen addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. The substance is primarily associated with psychological rather than physical dependence.
Toxicity
Cardiovascular
Elevated blood pressure, increased heart rate, abnormal heartbeat, and vasoconstriction are reported, particularly at doses above the heavy dosage range; infrequent use of common doses likely poses minimal cardiovascular risk for healthy individuals.
Psychosis Risk
Use of amphetamine-class compounds at high dosages for prolonged periods can potentially result in stimulant psychosis presenting with paranoia, hallucinations, or delusions. Anxiety and paranoia typically occur with overly high doses or after redosing and staying awake for extended periods. A review of amphetamine-induced psychosis found approximately 5-15% of users fail to recover completely, though antipsychotic medications effectively resolve symptoms of acute psychosis.4
Seizure Risk
Seizure risk may increase at high doses, though this is not commonly reported at typical use levels.
History & Culture
2-FMA emerged on the online research chemical market in August 2007, appearing alongside other fluorinated amphetamines such as 2-FA and 4-FA.2 That same month, forensic analysis of capsules delivered to Royal Adelaide Hospital in Australia revealed the presence of…
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Legality
International
2-FMA is not listed under the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is not listed under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is not listed under the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
By Country
United StatesUnscheduledCitation needed
Not specifically scheduled under the Controlled Substances Act. However, as a close structural analogue of methamphetamine, sale or possession with intent for human consumption could potentially be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act.35
CanadaSchedule I (CDSA)Citation needed
Controlled since 1996 as an analogue of methamphetamine under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.10 Manufacturing, possession, and distribution are prohibited.
ChinaIllegalSupplementary Catalogue
Announcement on the Supplementary Catalogue of Non-medical Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (2015)14
Designated a controlled substance in October 2015. Production, sale, and possession are prohibited under national drug control regulations.
FranceNot explicitly scheduledCitation needed
As of December 2024, 2-FMA is not specifically listed in French drug schedules. Possession exists in a legal grey area, though this status could change.
IrelandIllegal (analog/blanket ban)1A
2-FMA (N-methyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)propan-2-amine) is a controlled drug under paragraph 1A of the Schedule to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977: it is an N-alkyl-α-methylphenethylamine with a halo substitution in the phenyl ring. The Act prohibits possession of a controlled drug, and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2017 prohibit its production, supply, importation and exportation except as authorised by the regulations or a licence.
New ZealandSchedule 3Citation needed
Controlled as an amphetamine analogue under the Misuse of Drugs Act. Possession, supply, and manufacture carry criminal penalties.
PolandIllegal (analog/blanket ban)grupa I-NPS
Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych2627
2-FMA is controlled in Poland as a new psychoactive substance through the generic Group I-NPS entry for derivatives of 2-phenylethylamine. The generic definition covers compounds with a fluorine-substituted ring and an N-alkyl substituent, which encompasses 2-fluoromethamphetamine. Manufacture, import, export, intra-EU acquisition or supply, and placing a new psychoactive substance on the market require authorization; unauthorized possession is punishable by a fine.
SwitzerlandIllegalVerzeichnis E
Betäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung EDI, Verzeichnis E29
Specifically named under Verzeichnis E of Swiss controlled substances regulations. Unauthorized possession and distribution are prohibited.
UkraineIllegalList No. 2
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Resolution No. 770 of 6 May 2000, List of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors (current consolidated text)303132
2-FMA (2-fluoromethamphetamine) is listed in Table I, List No. 2 of Ukraine’s List of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors. List No. 2 covers especially dangerous psychotropic substances whose circulation is prohibited. The substance was added by Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 600, effective 23 July 2019, and remains in the current consolidated List.
BelgiumIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Annexe IVa
2-FMA is controlled in Belgium under the Royal Decree of 6 September 2017 as an amphetamine derivative in Annex IVa. The annex’s generic 1-phenylpropan-2-amine structure permits an N-methyl substituent and a halogen at any position on the phenyl ring, which encompasses 2-FMA. Since the Decree entered into force on its publication on 26 September 2017, importing, exporting, transporting, manufacturing, possessing, selling, supplying, or acquiring the substance requires prior authorisation; unauthorised breaches are punishable under the 1921 Drugs Act.
ChileIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Artículo 1°
Decreto Supremo N.º 867 de 2007, Reglamento de la Ley N.º 20.000, modificado por Decreto N.º 416 de 2017111213
2-FMA is controlled as an isomer of 4-FMA under Article 1 of Chile’s Decree No. 867, as amended by Decree No. 416, published on 2 September 2017. The regulation classifies 4-FMA as a dependence-producing psychotropic substance and extends that list to its isomers unless expressly excepted. Under Law No. 20.000, unauthorized import, export, transport, acquisition, transfer, possession, supply, storage, or carrying of listed substances constitutes trafficking and is subject to the penalties in Article 1.
FinlandIllegalLiite IV
Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista (543/2008)1516
Finland lists 2-fluoromethamphetamine (2-FMA) in Annex IV to the Government Decree on substances, preparations and plants considered narcotics. As a narcotic, its production, manufacture, import, export, transport, distribution, trade, handling, possession and use are prohibited, subject to statutory medical, research, supervisory and industrial exceptions.
NetherlandsIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Lijst IA
2-FMA falls within Lijst IA of the Opiumwet as a substance derived from 2-fenethylamine: the structural definition permits a fluorine substituent on the phenyl ring and an alkyl substituent on the nitrogen. The Opiumwet prohibits importing or exporting, preparing, processing, selling, supplying, transporting, possessing, and manufacturing a substance in a Lijst IA substance group or a preparation containing it. The Lijst IA regime entered into force on 1 July 2025.
NorwayIllegal§ 5
Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften) (FOR-2013-02-14-199)25
Norway’s Narkotikaforskriften lists 2-FMA (2-fluoromethamphetamine) as prohibited under section 5. Its manufacture, acquisition, sale, import, export, storage, possession, and use are prohibited unless the Ministry grants an exception for medical or scientific needs.
SingaporeIllegalClass A
Misuse of Drugs Act 197328
Singapore’s Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 classifies 2-FMA as a Class A controlled drug because its First Schedule entry for N-Methyl-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propan-2-amine includes fluoro positional isomers in the phenyl ring. The Act prohibits the unauthorised possession, trafficking, import, export and manufacture of controlled drugs.
TurkeyIllegal
Classified as a controlled drug. Possession, production, supply, and importation are prohibited under Turkish drug legislation.
References
Source Pages
Citations
- 2-Fluoromethamphetamine (hydrochloride) Product Information. Cayman Chemical (n.d.). https://cdn.caymanchem.com/cdn/insert/11420.pdf1
- Ayumu Ishii, K Sato, K Kusakabe, N Kato, & T Wada. (2023). Identification and Quantitative Analysis of 2-Fluoromethamphetamine and Its Metabolites in Human Urine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 47(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkac026123
- Locomotor and discriminative stimulus effects of fluorinated analogs of amphetamine and methamphetamine in mice and rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Article 103617 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpet.2025.1036171
- Steven J Shoptaw, Uyen Kao, & Walter Ling. (2009). Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd003026.pub31
- Andrew Camilleri, Martin R Johnston, Michael Brennan, Sean Davis, & David G E Caldicott. (n.d.). | legal_UK = Class A | legal_DE = Anlage I <!--Identifiers--> | PubChem = 24257263 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}} | UNII = YV5793W75P | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|CAS. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.04812
- EMCDDA, & Europol. (2013). New drugs in Europe, 2012: EMCDDA-Europol 2012 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.euda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/734/EMCDDA-Europol_2012_Annual_Report_final_439477.pdf1
- Royal Decree of 6 September 2017 regulating narcotic drugs and/or psychotropic substances. ejustice.just.fgov.be (n.d.). https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/eli/arrete/2017/09/06/2017031231/justel1
- Royal Decree of 6 September 2017 regulating narcotic drugs and/or psychotropic substances. famhp.be (n.d.). https://www.famhp.be/en/human_use/particular_products/specially_reglemented_substances/narcotics_psychotropics/legislation_substances1
- Royal Decree of 6 September 2017 regulating narcotic drugs and/or psychotropic substances. famhp.be (n.d.). https://www.famhp.be/sites/default/files/content/INSP/NARC/annex%20IV_non%20official%20consolidated%20version.pdf1
- Legislative Services Branch. (2022-03-31). Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-9.html1
- Decreto Supremo N.º 867 de 2007, Reglamento de la Ley N.º 20.000, modificado por Decreto N.º 416 de 2017. leychile.cl (n.d.). https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=2693231
- Decreto Supremo N.º 867 de 2007, Reglamento de la Ley N.º 20.000, modificado por Decreto N.º 416 de 2017. leychile.cl (n.d.). https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=11074571
- Decreto Supremo N.º 867 de 2007, Reglamento de la Ley N.º 20.000, modificado por Decreto N.º 416 de 2017. leychile.cl (n.d.). https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=2355071
- Announcement on the Supplementary Catalogue of Non-medical Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (2015). nmpa.gov.cn (n.d.). https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/xxgk/ggtg/qtggtg/20151022120001574.html1
- Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista (543/2008). finlex.fi (n.d.). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2008/200805431
- Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista (543/2008). finlex.fi (n.d.). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2008/200803731
- Bundesministerium der Justiz. (n.d.). Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz – BtMG) Anlage I (zu § 1 Abs. 1) (nicht verkehrsfähige Betäubungsmittel). https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html123
- Bundesministerium der Justiz. (n.d.). Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz – BtMG) § 29 Straftaten. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html1
- Misuse of Drugs Act 1977. revisedacts.lawreform.ie (n.d.). https://revisedacts.lawreform.ie/eli/1977/act/12/schedule/1/revised/en/html1
- Misuse of Drugs Act 1977. revisedacts.lawreform.ie (n.d.). https://revisedacts.lawreform.ie/eli/1977/act/12/section/3/revised/en/html1
- Misuse of Drugs Act 1977. irishstatutebook.ie (n.d.). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/si/173/made/en/print1
- Opiumwet. wetten.overheid.nl (n.d.). https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2026-07-091
- Opiumwet. zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl (n.d.). https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2025-32.html1
- Opiumwet. zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl (n.d.). https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2025-82.html1
- Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften) (FOR-2013-02-14-199). lovdata.no (n.d.). https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2013-02-14-1991
- Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych. api.sejm.gov.pl (n.d.). https://api.sejm.gov.pl/eli/acts/DU/2018/1591/text.html1
- Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych. api.sejm.gov.pl (n.d.). https://api.sejm.gov.pl/eli/acts/DU/2023/1939/text.html1
- Misuse of Drugs Act 1973. sso.agc.gov.sg (n.d.). https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MDA1973?ProvIds=Sc1-1
- Betäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung EDI, Verzeichnis E. fedlex.admin.ch (n.d.). https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2011/363/de1
- Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Resolution No. 770 of 6 May 2000, List of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors (current consolidated text). zakon.rada.gov.ua (n.d.). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/770-2000-%D0%BF#Text1
- Про внесення змін до Закону України "Про обіг в Україні наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин, їх аналогів і прекурсорів". Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (23 July 2019). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/600-2019-%D0%BF1
- Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Resolution No. 770 of 6 May 2000, List of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors (current consolidated text). zakon.rada.gov.ua (n.d.). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/146-2026-%D0%BF#Text1
- Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. (1971). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I12
- Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 — Schedule 4 (Prosecution and punishment of offences). legislation.gov.uk (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/41
- 21 U.S. Code § 813 — Treatment of controlled substance analogues. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (n.d.). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/8131
Further Reading
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