yellow2 → orange2 → red2
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Ketamine
Ketamine
K, Ket, Kitty, Special K, Cat Tranquilizer
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic1 of the arylcyclohexylamine class, developed in the early 1960s by Parke-Davis Laboratoriescitation needed as a replacement for phencyclidine (PCP). Widely employed in both human and veterinary medicine, it is considered the archetypal dissociative substance. Recreational use became widespread through the 1990s rave and nightclub scenes. More recently, it has attracted significant clinical interest for its ability to rapidly alleviate treatment-resistant depression1 and suicidal ideation1.
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Doses are population estimates that vary widely between individuals.
Threshold~10 mg
Light10-30 mg
Moderate30-75 mg
Strong75-175 mg
Heavy175+ mg
Bioavailability
45–50%
Duration
Onset1-5 minutes
Come Up5-20 minutes
Peak15-30 minutes
Offset1-2 hours
After Effects4-8 hours
Total1-3 hours
Subjective Effects
Legacy content. A statistically backed ontology from Mindstate Design Labs is coming soon.
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
The subjective physical effects of ketamine can be broken down into eight components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
Cognitive
In comparison to other dissociatives, the cognitive effects of ketamine are often described as particularly forceful towards introspection and with more analytical thought process when compared to that of DXM and MXE.
Visual
This substance does not enhance visual stimuli; instead it tends to degrade and decrease visual aptitude in a variety of ways.
Distortions
Ketamine exhibits a full array of dissociative distortions and alterations in visual perception.
Geometry
The visual geometry found within ketamine can be described as very brightly coloured in scheme when compared to that of MXE but not as complex or psychedelic as that of DXM. It does not extend beyond level 4 and can be comprehensively described through its variations as simplistic in complexity, algorithmic in style, synthetic in feel, unstructured in organization, dimly lit in lighting, multicoloured in scheme, glossy in shading, soft in edges, large in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in rounded and angular corners, immersive in depth and consistent in intensity.
Hallucinatory States
At high dosages, ketamine can produce a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used psychedelics.
Suppressions
Auditory
The auditory effects of ketamine are common in their occurrence and exhibit a range of effects.
See also: Dissociative Intensity Scale, Subjective Effects of Dissociatives
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Ketamine principally acts as a noncompetitive, open-channel2, voltage-dependent antagonist of the NMDA receptor, an ionotropic glutamate receptor that facilitates the entry of cations into neurons. It binds to the dizocilpine (PCP) site within the ion channel pore, blocking the influx of sodium, potassium, and calcium when the channel is occupied. Ketamine is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, esketamine (S-ketamine) and arketamine (R-ketamine), with S-ketamine displaying approximately 3- to 4-fold greater NMDA receptor affinity than R-ketaminecitation needed. In the presence of physiological magnesium concentrations, ketamine shows a degree of NMDA receptor subunit selectivity, with its affinity for GluN2C- and GluN2D-containing receptors being less reduced by magnesium than its affinity for GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing receptors.
In a screen of 80 receptors, ion channels, and transporters at 10 μM, ketamine and norketamine exceeded 50% displacement only at NMDA receptors. Reported secondary targets should therefore be described target by target and with their tested concentrations rather than as equally established contributors to ketamine's effects.citation needed
Preclinical studies associate ketamine's antidepressant-like and synaptogenic effects with AMPA-receptor signaling, rapid BDNF translation after reduced eEF2 phosphorylation, and activation of mTOR signaling. These findings come chiefly from rodent and cellular models and do not establish a single settled mechanism in humans.34
Ketamine is described as a psychoplastogen because a single administration can rapidly promote measurable structural and functional neural plasticity, including dendritic-spine and synapse growth in preclinical models.5
In mice, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine produced AMPA-receptor-dependent antidepressant-related effects without NMDAR inhibition in the original report. Its contribution to ketamine's clinical antidepressant efficacy remains uncertain; stand-alone human evidence currently consists of phase 1 safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study in healthy volunteers rather than an efficacy trial in depression.citation needed
Pharmacokinetics
Ketamine is rapidly absorbed and undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, primarily via CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, yielding norketamine through N-demethylationcitation needed. Norketamine is subsequently converted by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 into hydroxynorketamines (HNKs) and dehydronorketamine (DHNK). Additional metabolic pathways include hydroxylation of the cyclohexanone ring, conjugation with glucuronic acid, and dehydration of hydroxylated metabolites to form cyclohexene derivatives. Conjugated hydroxylated derivatives account for approximately 80% of urinary metabolites, followed by dehydronorketamine at about 16%. Overall, 85–95% of the administered dose is recovered in urine, primarily as metabolites, with minor elimination via bile and feces. Following intravenous administration, approximately 91% is recovered in urine and 3% in feces. Oral bioavailability is low (16–24%) due to substantial first-pass metabolism, while intramuscular bioavailability is approximately 93%. The distribution half-life is approximately 1.95 minutes, and the elimination half-life is approximately 120 minutes following intravenous administration. Clearance is high, approximately 95 L/h/70 kg.
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Caution
Use cautionThese combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
Tolerance
Tolerance timelines are rules of thumb, not exact schedules, and vary widely between individuals and use patterns.
Full Tolerance
Tolerance to dissociative, euphoric, hallucinogenic, and psychotomimetic effects can develop after sustained repeated use. The pace varies widely between individuals: some people report tolerance after one night of heavy use, while others need weeks of regular consumption before noticing it. High-dose nonmedical ketamine use can readily produce tolerance to its main effects.
Cross Tolerance
Dissociatives
Baseline Reset
Tolerance may decline after abstinence, but the time needed for a full reset depends on individual physiology, amount and frequency of use, and total exposure duration. Some users report needing a month or longer for tolerance to return to baseline. Dissociatives such as ketamine are also reported to produce long-lasting or permanent tolerance ('permatolerance') that builds gradually apart from ordinary tolerance, with many chronic users saying they need much higher doses to reach dissociation even after long breaks.
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
ModerateModerate to high abuse potential with risk of psychological dependence developing with chronic use.citation needed Compulsive redosing is commonly reported, particularly with insufflation. The short duration of effects promotes bingeing patterns.
Physical
LowPhysical dependence can develop with daily use. Withdrawal symptoms reported include anxiety, tremor, sweating, and palpitations following attempts to stop.citation needed
Toxicity
Urinary System
Frequent heavy use can cause ketamine-induced cystitis, reduced bladder capacity, urge incontinence, and painful haematuria; these effects are strongly associated with chronic abuse patterns, with 20-30% of frequent users reporting bladder complaints.citation needed
Hepatic
Liver toxicity has been reported with higher doses and repeated administration; in chronic high-dose users, the frequency of liver injury is approximately 10%.citation needed
Renal
Chronic heavy use has been associated with kidney damage ranging from hydronephrosis to acute kidney injury; rhabdomyolysis causing kidney failure has been reported in overdose cases.citation needed
Central Nervous System
Chronic heavy use is associated with cognitive deficits in memory and learning, with imaging studies showing reductions in white and grey matter and brain atrophy in frequent users;citation needed infrequent users do not appear to differ from controls on cognitive measures.
Antibiotic Function
Possible
Some evidence suggests ketamine may have antibiotic properties at higher doses, though how this affects normal human use is unclear.
Psychosis Risk
At anesthetic doses, 10-20% of adults experience adverse psychiatric reactions during emergence, ranging from dysphoria to hallucinations and emergence delirium.citation needed Regular use is associated with paranoia, egocentrism, and increased delusional symptoms. Chronic heavy use may lead to persistent psychotic symptoms.
Seizure Risk
Seizures are rare but have been reported at very high or overdose-level doses. Tonic-clonic movements occur commonly at anesthetic doses but are distinct from true epileptic seizures.citation needed
History & Culture
Synthesis and Medical Development
Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by American scientist Calvin Stevens at Parke Davis Laboratories, initially designated "CI581."citation needed Stevens sought a safer anesthetic to replace phencyclidine, which produced severe and prolonged hallucinogenic effects upon recovery from…
Trip Reports
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Legality
International
UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961: not listed
UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971: not listed
UN Convention against Illicit Traffic 1988: not listed
By Country
Illegal9
AustriaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung, Anlage II Z 8; Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz §§ 4–589101112
Ketamine falls within the NPSV arylcyclohexylamine class. Since 1 January 2012, profit-motivated manufacture, import, export, supply, or procurement of it for psychoactive use in humans is punishable by up to two years’ imprisonment; substances without a demonstrated lawful purpose may be confiscated. Licensed medicinal ketamine is also classified as NR under the Rezeptpflichtverordnung, requiring a prescription and prohibiting repeat dispensing.
CanadaIllegalKetamine has been expressly listed in Schedule I, item 14(1), of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act since 31 August 2005. Unauthorized possession, trafficking or sale, import or export, and production are prohibited; authorized medical, scientific, and industrial activities remain permitted under the applicable regulatory framework. Ketamine is named as a phencyclidine analogue in the Schedule I entry.
GermanyIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Ketamine has been captured since 3 July 2021 by item 6 of the NpSG annex, the group of arylcyclohexylamine derivatives. For ketamine that is not an Arzneimittel, the NpSG prohibits trade, placing on the market, manufacture, import, export, acquisition, possession, and administering; trade, placing on the market, and specified manufacture or import are punishable by up to three years’ imprisonment or a fine. The NpSG does not apply to medicines, and ketamine-containing medicines remain prescription-only under AMVV Annex 1, requiring a medical, dental, or veterinary prescription for dispensing.
Hong KongIllegalKetamine (氯胺酮) is listed as a dangerous drug in Part I of the First Schedule to the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. Listed since 15 December 2000, its unauthorized possession, manufacture, supply, import and export are subject to the Ordinance’s dangerous-drug controls.
ItalyIllegalMinisterial Decree of 21 February 200158
In Italy, it is included in Tabella I of the drug and psychotropic substance schedules. Possession, purchase, and sale are illegal.
LuxembourgIllegalRèglement grand-ducal modifié du 4 mars 1974 concernant certaines substances toxiques, modifié le 13 décembre 198561626364
Ketamine has been listed as a toxic substance in Luxembourg since 13 December 1985, when it was added to the annex to the Grand-Ducal Regulation of 4 March 1974. Under the amended Law of 19 February 1973, illicit personal acquisition, possession, transport and use of listed toxic substances are offences, while illicit production, importation, sale and circulation are criminal offences.
MalaysiaIllegalMalaysia Poisons Act First Schedule65
The Ministry of Health PDF was revised to 1980 and incorporates amendment P.U.(A) 44/2003.
New ZealandIllegalKetamine is a Class C controlled drug listed in Schedule 3, Part 4 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. Unauthorised import, export, production, sale, supply, possession, and use are offences, subject to the Act’s licences, exemptions, and regulations. The classification has applied since 1 December 2010.
Controlled / restricted9
AustraliaRestrictedTherapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—February 2026) Instrument 20267
Possession, manufacture, or supply without authority is illegal. Classified as a controlled drug requiring strict regulation.
ChinaRestrictedKetamine is listed as a Category I psychotropic drug in China’s 2025 medicinal psychotropic-drug directory, effective upon its publication on 28 July 2025. The Regulations on the Administration of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs prohibit retail sale of Category I psychotropic drugs and subject their research, production, distribution, use, storage, and transport to specialized statutory controls.
CroatiaRestrictedPopis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga26
Possession and distribution regulated under national drug legislation.
IndonesiaRestrictedPeraturan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 12 Tahun 2025 tentang Obat-Obat Tertentu yang Sering Disalahgunakan5556
Ketamine is an Obat-Obat Tertentu yang Sering Disalahgunakan (OOT), a category expressly separate from narcotics and psychotropics. Since 2 May 2025, it may be distributed and handed over only for health services and/or scientific development. Supply to the public must occur through pharmaceutical-service facilities or other authorized facilities, and breaches by regulated facilities carry administrative sanctions.
South KoreaRestrictedKetamine is listed in Annex 4 as a psychotropic drug under Article 2(3)(b) of South Korea’s Narcotics Control Act framework. Persons who are not authorized narcotics handlers may not possess, use, import, export, manufacture, sell, provide, or otherwise handle it except in the Act’s specified circumstances, including lawful medical supply.
SwitzerlandRestrictedBetäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung102
Specifically named under Verzeichnis B. Possession or handling without a license is illegal. Medicinal use is permitted.
Prescription19
United StatesPrescription onlyKetamine, including its salts and isomers, is a federal Schedule III controlled substance under 21 CFR § 1308.13(c)(7), effective August 12, 1999. Federal law makes knowingly or intentionally possessing it without a valid prescription or other authorization unlawful, and prohibits its manufacture, distribution, or dispensing except as authorized. A Schedule III prescription drug may be dispensed only on a written or oral prescription.
By state
Across the 50 states, D.C., and the permanent territories, most jurisdictions treat ketamine consistently with federal law, though a number of states impose their own controls or classifications that diverge from the federal position.
AlaskaPrescription onlyAlaska Stat. §§ 11.71.170(b)(28), 11.71.050(a)(4)-(b)117
Alaska classifies ketamine hydrochloride as a Schedule IVA controlled substance rather than federal Schedule III. Unauthorized possession of any amount of a Schedule IVA substance is misconduct involving a controlled substance in the fifth degree, a class A misdemeanor.
TexasIllegalTexas places ketamine in Penalty Group 1 rather than in a Schedule III-equivalent category. Unauthorized possession is punishable under the Penalty Group 1 possession offense, while possession obtained under a valid practitioner prescription remains authorized.
BrazilPrescription onlyKetamine is listed as a psychotropic substance in Lista B1 and is subject to a Notificação de Receita “B”, rather than the two-copy special-control prescription used for Lista C1. Effective 2 May 2022, medicines containing ketamine must bear the statement “USO RESTRITO A ESTABELECIMENTOS DE SAÚDE” (“use restricted to health establishments”).
CambodiaPrescription onlyCambodia, Law on Drug Control (2012), Articles 5-6 and 10-14, Article 125, Annex Table III (English translation; the official Khmer version controls)19
Ketamine is directly named in the 2012 law's Annex Table III, which is medically useful but controlled. The law makes Table I-III activities strictly prohibited absent permission or direct licensing and requires prescription-based medication dispensing, while allowing the Minister of Health to authorize limited no-prescription Table III supply. Ketamine's Annex Table III entry has not been changed by a later amendment or Ministry of Health proclamation; Article 6 provides an amendment mechanism, and Article 125 contains repeal and transitional provisions. The English PDF is marked an unofficial translation; the Khmer text is legally authoritative.
Czech RepublicPrescription onlyNařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.27
Available exclusively with a prescription under Nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb. Sales and distribution controlled under the Medicines Act.
FrancePrescription onlyKetamine, its salts, stereoisomers, and preparations are classified as narcotics in Annexe IV. The injectable-preparation exemption ended on 24 April 2017, and stereoisomers were expressly added in May 2017. Unless expressly authorized, narcotic production, manufacture, transport, import, export, possession, supply, acquisition, and use are prohibited; ketamine medicines are subject to narcotic-drug controls and may be prescribed or dispensed only as pharmaceutical specialties or preparations.
IndiaPrescription onlyNarcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, Schedule entry 110A (inserted by S.O. 311(E), 10 February 2011), sections 2(xxiii), 3, 8(c) and 22; Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Rules, 1985, rules 64-67; Drugs and Cosmetics (Sixth Amendment) Rules, 2013, G.S.R. 724(E), and current Drugs Rules, 1945, rules 96(9), 96(11)-(12), 96(21) and 97495051525354
Ketamine is expressly scheduled as a psychotropic substance under the NDPS Act, and ketamine hydrochloride is expressly listed in Schedule X of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules. Unauthorized possession, supply, use, manufacture, transport and import/export are controlled under the NDPS Act and Rules; lawful medical use is not categorically prohibited, but retail supply is prescription-only under the current Schedule X rules, with duplicate prescriptions, retention, secure storage and sales-record requirements. The current 18 February 2026 NDPS amendment adds entries after 110ZZI while preserving S.O. 311(E) in the amendment chain.
IrelandPrescription onlyMisuse of Drugs Regulations 2017 (S.I. No. 173/2017)57
Ketamine is a Schedule 3 controlled drug under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2017. The schedule also controls its stereoisomers, salts, and preparations containing it, subject to the regulation’s stated exceptions.
MexicoPrescription onlyKetamine is expressly listed in Grupo III of Article 245 of the Ley General de Salud; the 7 January 2014 reform included it and the current consolidated text retains it after the 15 January 2026 reform. Article 251 permits sale or supply to the public only on a physician’s prescription bearing the prescriber’s professional-registration number; it may be filled once and the dispensing pharmacy must retain it. The Reglamento de Insumos para la Salud further limits handling of psychotropics, including possession, use, manufacture, trade, import, and export, to medical or scientific purposes with prior Health Ministry authorization.
NetherlandsPrescription onlyOpiumwet, current consolidated Lists I, II and IA effective 2026-07-09; Geneesmiddelenwet (current consolidated version effective 2025-09-09), Articles 57(1)(d) and 61(9); current CBG Ketexx veterinary product information.70717273747576
Parent ketamine is absent from the complete current official Opiumwet Lists I, II and IA; the separately listed 2-fluordeschloorketamine is a distinct analogue and must not be treated as ketamine. Lawful medicinal supply is not unrestricted: the exact ketamine veterinary product Ketexx is labeled prescription-only and exclusively veterinary, and parenteral medicines fall within the Geneesmiddelenwet UR criteria. The current CBG human record in the Netherlands is Ketanest-S containing esketamine (S-ketamine), not racemic ketamine; its UR classification applies to Ketanest-S, not to every ketamine formulation. Medicinal supply is prescription-only under product-specific medicines regulation, while parent ketamine remains unscheduled; non-medicinal bulk ketamine is not thereby authorized for consumer sale.
NorwayPrescription onlyKetamine has been listed by name as a narcotic in Norway’s Narkotikalisten since 1 January 2026; the current list identifies it as 2-(2-klorfenyl)-2-(metylamino)sykloheksan-1-on (CAS 6740-88-1). Ketamine and esketamine preparations remain in prescription group A. Possession or use without lawful access is prohibited; manufacture requires express authorization, import and export require a certificate, and trade, supply, and dispatch are limited to medical or scientific use.
PhilippinesPrescription onlyDangerous Drugs Board Regulation No. 3, s. 200586
Ketamine and preparations containing it are classified as dangerous drugs in the Philippines. A preparation prescribed by a licensed practitioner is excepted subject to the regulation’s vial, dosage, and duration limits.
PolandPrescription onlyRegulation of the Minister of Health on the list of psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs and new psychoactive substances87
Illegal to possess, manufacture, and sell except for authorized medical purposes.
SlovakiaPrescription onlyAct No. 139/1998 Z. z. on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and preparations (current consolidated text effective 1 January 2026)92939495
Ketamine has been listed as a Group II narcotic drug since 1 January 2010 and remains so in the current consolidated Act No. 139/1998 Z. z. Medicines containing a Group II narcotic require a special prescription form. Manufacture, import, export, distribution, dispensing, research, and other handling require statutory authorization for health or veterinary purposes; unauthorized possession, production, and trade are criminal offences.
South AfricaPrescription onlyMedicines and Related Substances Act 101 of 1965, Consolidated Schedules96
Ketamine is a Schedule 5 substance under South Africa’s medicines scheduling framework. The current consolidated schedule is published by the national medicines regulator under the Medicines and Related Substances Act.
SpainPrescription onlyOrden SAS/2712/2010100
Classified as a Schedule IV substance under Spanish drug control legislation.
SwedenPrescription onlyLVFS 2011:10101
Scheduled as of July 1, 2005 following increased reports of recreational misuse.
TurkeyPrescription onlyT.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Düzce Atatürk Devlet Hastanesi İY.LS.13 Yeşil Reçeteli İlaçlar Listesi, Revizyon No. 9 (revision 14 February 2025); TİTCK Genelge 2018/1, Kontrole Tabi İlaçlara Ait Reçeteler105106107108
The latest official Ministry hospital list, dated 14 February 2025, names the exact salt (KETAMİN HCl) and exact injectable/infusion product (KETAX 500 mg/10 mL), while TİTCK's prescription circular describes the physician/electronic-prescription and pharmacy-dispensing route. The listed ketamine product is dispensed under prescription control. The Law No. 7445 amendment is a derivative/aggravation clause rather than a ketamine schedule. The product list does not classify other ketamine salts, analogues, or non-medicinal possession as either unscheduled or subject to a blanket prohibition. The 2025 list identifies a medical product exception but no broader traveler, dose, or off-label exceptions.
United KingdomPrescription onlyNot scheduled1
PortugalNot scheduledDecree-Law No. 15/93 of 22 January88
Ketamine is not included in the controlled-substance tables annexed to Decree-Law No. 15/93. That decree applies its drug-control regime to the plants, substances, and preparations listed in its annexed tables.
References
Source Pages
Bluelight: How often can you safely do Ketamine- Bluelight: Ketamine Tolerance
- Bluelight: Ketamine usage frequency dosage breaks
- Bluelight: Recommended dose of Ketamine (S+) isomer
- Bluelight: What counts as frequent ketamine use
Disregard Everything I Say
Drug Users Bible by Dominic Milton Trott
DrugBank
Erowid
Isomer Design (TiHKAL/PiHKAL)
PsychonautWiki
The Drug Classroom
TripSit Factsheets- TripSit Wiki
- TripSit: Drug Combination Chart
Wikipedia
Citations
- Kohtala S. (April 2021). Ketamine—50 years in use: from anesthesia to rapid antidepressant effects and neurobiological mechanisms. Pharmacological Reports, 73(2), 323–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-021-00232-4123
- Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, Riggs LM, Highland JN, Georgiou P, Pereira EF, Albuquerque EX, Thomas CJ, Zarate CA, & Gould TD. (July 2018). Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms. Pharmacological Reviews, 70(3), 621–660. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.0151981234
- NMDA receptor blockade at rest triggers rapid behavioural antidepressant responses. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature101301
- mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.11902871
- Psychoplastogens: A Promising Class of Plasticity-Promoting Neurotherapeutics. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1177/11790695188005081
- Linda Li, & Phillip E. Vlisides. (2016). Ketamine: 50 Years of Modulating the Mind. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.006121
- Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—February 2026) Instrument 2026. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L00060/asmade/2026-01-30/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html1
- Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung, Anlage II Z 8; Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz §§ 4–5. ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40261441/II_106_2024_Anlage_II.pdf1
- Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung, Anlage II Z 8; Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz §§ 4–5. ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=200076051
- Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung, Anlage II Z 8; Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz §§ 4–5. ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Anlage=1&Artikel=&Gesetzesnummer=10010358&Paragraf=&Uebergangsrecht=1
Further Reading
Global Drug Survey - Welcome to the K-hole
Hi-Ground - Ketamine harm reduction sheet
People Magazine – severe cystitis from chronic use
PMC: Ketamine Tolerance in Rats- PMC: Ketamine-Associated Ulcerative Cystitis
PulmCrit - The ketamine-tolerant patient
Reddit: r/ketamine - Tolerance FAQ- StatPearls - Ketamine
The Psychedelic Society - Ketamine Harm Reduction
Article Status
Step 1 · Automated synthesisAn autonomous workflow built by Josie Kins compiled this article's foundation from information published across the web.
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Recent changes8 human edits · latest
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25 January 2026
Josie Kins · Updated the article
24 January 2026
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
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