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WARNINGMIXING OR WITHDRAWAL CAN BE DANGEROUS
Ordinary doses in combination with other depressants can fatally stop breathing. After prolonged dependency, stopping suddenly can also cause seizures or delirium; seek medical help.
Flualprazolam
8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-benzo[f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine
Flualp, F-Alp, 2'-Fluoro-Alprazolam
Flualprazolam is a synthetic depressant of the triazolobenzodiazepine class and a fluorinated analog of alprazolam (Xanax)citation needed. It first appeared on the research chemical market in 2017, though its developmental origins remain unclear. Flualprazolam is notably more potent than alprazolam, producing effects at lower doses with a relatively rapid onset. It has reportedly been deceptively sold as alprazolam despite differing in substantive ways, posing significant harm reduction concerns.
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Doses are population estimates that vary widely between individuals.
Threshold~0.05 mg
Light0.05-0.25 mg
Moderate0.25-0.5 mg
Strong0.5-1 mg
Heavy1+ mg
Reported to be more potent by weight than alprazolam, with user estimates ranging from roughly 1.5 to 5 times stronger; onset of effects is relatively rapid.
Duration
Onset10-30 minutes
Peak1-2 hours
Offset2-6 hours
After Effects6-24 hours
Total5-8 hours
Subjective Effects
Legacy content. A statistically backed ontology from Mindstate Design Labs is coming soon.
The experience is dominated by heavy sedation, anxiety relief, and muscle relaxation, with a relatively rapid onset and greater potency than alprazolam. Central nervous system depression dampens feelings and perceptions rather than altering them, producing a calm, blunted state that can progress into sleep at higher doses. Memory of the period after ingestion frequently becomes unreliable, and compulsive redosing during these gaps is a recognized hazard.
Physical
Pronounced muscle relaxation and a heavy, sedated body feeling are the primary physical effects, often accompanied by dizziness, impaired coordination and reaction time, and slowed breathing at higher doses. Prolonged fatigue and hangover-like lethargy can persist after the main effects subside.
Sedation
Uncomfortable
Cognitive
The headspace is calm, quieted, and disinhibited, with reduced anxiety and dampened emotional response. Thought slows noticeably, and confusion and anterograde amnesia become prominent at moderate to high doses; paradoxical aggression, irritability, and outbursts of anger have also been reported.
Suppressions
Cognitive effects are dominated by suppression, consistent with reduced information flow between neurons and general dampening of feelings and perceptions.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Flualprazolam acts as a positive allosteric modulator at the GABA-A receptor via the benzodiazepine binding site, enhancing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).citation needed This mechanism is consistent with its classification as a triazolobenzodiazepine. It appears to be more potent by weight than its parent compound alprazolam, from which it is derived as the 2'-fluoro substituted analog.
Pharmacokinetics
Limited pharmacokinetic data is available for flualprazolam.1 It is reported to have a significantly longer elimination half-life than alprazolam, though specific values have not been well characterized.citation needed Seven flualprazolam metabolites were tentatively identified. Several cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes, under which CYP3A4 and UGT1A4, were shown to be involved in flualprazolam metabolism using in vitro incubations with pooled human liver S9 fraction or HepaRG cells.2
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Unsafe
AvoidThere is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.
Caution
Use cautionThese combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
Tolerance
Tolerance timelines are rules of thumb, not exact schedules, and vary widely between individuals and use patterns.
Full Tolerance
Tolerance to sedative-hypnotic effects can emerge quickly, often after only several days of uninterrupted use. Reports suggest flualprazolam can sharply accelerate cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines, so limiting use to short periods is strongly advised.
Cross Tolerance
Benzodiazepines, Other GABAergic depressants
Baseline Reset
Tolerance generally returns to baseline within 7-14 days after cessation. However, following prolonged or intensive use, this recovery period may extend significantly longer in proportion to the duration and intensity of prior consumption.
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
HighConsidered highly addictive with a high potential for abuse.citation needed The short-lasting euphoric effects (1-2 hours) encourage compulsive redosing while still intoxicated. Rapidly increases benzodiazepine cross-tolerance, making short-term use strongly advised.
Physical
Extremely HighRegular use leads to physical dependence with potentially life-threatening withdrawal. Discontinuation after prolonged use can cause dizziness, physical weakness, tremors, sleep disturbances, sweating, nausea, hallucinations, depression, and seizures. Gradual dose tapering under medical supervision is necessary; abrupt cessation is dangerous.
Psychosis Risk
Paradoxical reactions including aggression, violent behavior, and suicidal behavior occur rarely in the general population (below 1% incidence). These effects occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with mental disorders, children, and those on high-dosage regimens. Hallucinations may occur as a withdrawal symptom.
Seizure Risk
Has anticonvulsant properties during use (seizure suppression). However, there is an increased risk of seizures following discontinuation, particularly after heavy or long-term use. Paradoxically, some benzodiazepines can cause seizures in epileptics. Substances that lower seizure threshold should be avoided during withdrawal.
History & Culture
Flualprazolam was first synthesized in 1976 as part of broader benzodiazepine research,citation needed representing the triazolo analog of fludiazepam and structurally related to alprazolam as its 2'-fluoro derivative. Despite its early synthesis, the compound was never developed for…
Legality
International
Flualprazolam is not listed under the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is listed in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is not listed under the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
By Country
Illegal14
AustraliaIllegalCustoms (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 19566
Australia lists flualprazolam in Schedule 4 to the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956. The listing makes its importation prohibited unless the relevant permission or licence is obtained under the regulations.
ChileIllegalChile classifies flualprazolam as a narcotic or psychotropic substance capable of producing physical or psychological dependence and serious toxic effects or considerable harm to health under Article 1 of the regulation to Law No. 20.000. The regulation identifies the substance by its chemical name and as “Flualprazolam”; conduct involving substances in this category is subject to Law No. 20.000's illicit-drug-trafficking regime. Flualprazolam was added to the consolidated Article 1 list by Supreme Decree No. 220 of 2022, published on 13 September 2022.
Czech RepublicIllegalGovernment Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll. on lists of addictive substances; Act No. 167/1998 Coll. on addictive substances1314
Flualprazolam is listed in List No. 4 of psychotropic substances in Government Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll. Czech law requires a handling permit for addictive substances and preparations containing them, and confines List No. 4 substances to limited research, scientific, and very limited therapeutic purposes specified in that permit. Unauthorised possession, production, supply, and other handling are therefore prohibited outside those authorised purposes.
FinlandIllegalValtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista (543/2008); Huumausainelaki (373/2008)1516
Flualprazolam is listed as Flualpratsolaami in Annex II of the Government Decree on substances, preparations and plants to be regarded as narcotics. Finland's Narcotics Act prohibits the production, manufacture, import, export, transport, distribution, trade, handling, possession and use of narcotics, subject to statutory exceptions for medical, research, supervisory and industrial purposes.
GermanyIllegalFlualprazolam is listed in Anlage II to Germany's Betäubungsmittelgesetz as a marketable but non-prescribable narcotic. Since 21 January 2021, its manufacture, trade, acquisition, possession, import, and export require the authorizations provided by the Act; unauthorized handling is prohibited. It may not be supplied on prescription.
IndonesiaIllegalPeraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2025 tentang Penetapan Dan Perubahan Penggolongan Psikotropika192021
Flualprazolam is listed as a Psikotropika Golongan I under Minister of Health Regulation No. 14 of 2025, which took effect on 28 November 2025. Indonesian law treats Group I psychotropics as prohibited articles except for scientific purposes; unauthorized use, production, distribution, import, possession, storage, or carrying is criminalized.
PolandIllegalRozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych282930
Flualprazolam is listed as a psychotropic substance in Group IV-P of Poland’s ministerial controlled-substances schedule. Its handling is subject to Poland’s controlled-substance regime. The current schedule is the 2018 regulation’s consolidated text, most recently amended on 7 July 2026; that amendment added another IV-P entry and did not change Flualprazolam’s listing.
South KoreaIllegalFlualprazolam is listed as a psychotropic drug under Article 2(3)(d) of the Narcotics Control Act in Schedule 6 to the Narcotics Control Act Enforcement Decree. Its manufacture, possession, import, export, sale, and provision are prohibited unless handled under the Act's authorization framework for narcotics.
SwedenIllegalFlualprazolam is listed in Annex 1 to the Ordinance (1992:1554) on control of narcotics, which deems the substances in that annex narcotics under the Swedish Narcotic Drugs Penal Law. Unauthorized possession, use, supply, manufacture, transport, and other dealings in the substance are narcotics offences punishable by up to three years' imprisonment; minor offences carry a fine or imprisonment for up to six months.
ThailandIllegalMinisterial Notification of the Ministry of Public Health: Specifying Names of Psychotropic Substances in Category 1, B.E. 2565 (2022)353637
Flualprazolam is a Category 1 psychotropic substance under Thailand’s Narcotics Code. The Ministry of Public Health notification took effect 30 days after its publication in the Royal Gazette on 5 August 2022. Unauthorized manufacture, import, export, sale, or possession of a Category 1 psychotropic substance is punishable by up to 10 years’ imprisonment and a fine of up to 1,000,000 baht.
TurkeyIllegalPresidential Decision No. 1335 dated 19 July 2019, published in Official Gazette No. 30837 on 20 July 2019, which subjects the substances in its annex to Law No. 2313 on the Control of Narcotic Drugs pursuant to Article 19 of that law; Turkish Penal Code No. 5237, Articles 188 and 191 govern unauthorized trafficking-type conduct and personal-use possession/use.38394041
Flualprazolam is a controlled drug, and unauthorized possession, production, supply and importation are prohibited. Decision No. 1335 directly identifies flualprazolam by the matching chemical identity: its annex names the substance and its operative clause subjects attached-list substances to Law No. 2313 pursuant to Article 19. The current Ministry of Justice Penal Code distinguishes unauthorized manufacture/import/export and trafficking-type domestic possession under Article 188 from personal-use purchase, possession or use under Article 191. Flualprazolam's legal disposition is prohibited, but the applicable framework does not categorically prohibit every form of possession without qualification.
United KingdomIllegalMisuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2021; Misuse of Drugs and Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (Amendment) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2021; Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 202142434445
Flualprazolam is a Class C controlled drug throughout the United Kingdom under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. It has been designated in Schedule 1 since 18 August 2021: the England, Wales and Scotland instrument places it in Schedule 1 of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001, while the Northern Ireland order places it in Part I of Schedule 1 of the Northern Ireland designation order. Schedule 1 drugs are subject to the tightest controls; access requires a Home Office licence in England, Wales and Scotland, and the Northern Ireland designation bars prescribing, administration, production, compounding and supply except under a Department of Health licence or other authority.
Controlled / restricted2
JapanRestrictedFlualprazolam and its salts are designated as psychotropic drugs under Japan’s Cabinet Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw Material Plants, Psychotropic Drugs, and Narcotic and Psychotropic Drug Raw Materials. The Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act regulates psychotropic drugs through licensed handling and other statutory controls.
NorwayRestrictedForskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften)27
Flualprazolam is listed in Norway’s Narkotikalisten as a psychotropic substance in category P IV under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. As a listed narcotic, it is subject to the Narcotics Regulation’s controls on manufacture, trade, import, export, storage, possession and use; manufacture requires authorization, and import or export requires both authorization and a certificate. Flualprazolam is not marked as subject to the Regulation’s section 5 blanket prohibition.
Prescription2
ArgentinaPrescription onlyLey 21.704 (Convenio sobre Sustancias Sicotrópicas de 1971), modificada por la Decisión 63/12 de la Comisión de Estupefacientes345
Flualprazolam is included in Lista IV of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 through Commission on Narcotic Drugs Decision 63/12 of 4 March 2020. Argentina approved the Convention as Law 21.704; its amended lists form part of that instrument. List IV substances may be supplied to individuals only with a medical prescription and their manufacture, import, export, distribution, trade, use, and possession are limited to medical and scientific purposes.
AustriaPrescription onlyFlualprazolam is a psychotropic substance listed in point 2 of Annex 1 to Austria’s Psychotropenverordnung, which implements Annex IV of the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It has been listed since 1 January 2021. Austria permits acquisition, possession, production, transport, import, export, and supply of controlled substances only for medical, dental, veterinary, or scientific purposes under the Suchtmittelgesetz; unauthorized dealings in a psychotropic substance are criminal offences.
References
Source Pages
Citations
- Designer benzodiazepine rat pharmacokinetics: A comparison of alprazolam, flualprazolam and flubromazolam. (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2023.1164591
- Toxicokinetics and Analytical Toxicology of Flualprazolam: Metabolic Fate, Isozyme Mapping, Human Plasma Concentration and Main Urinary Excretion Products. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 44(6), 549–558 (July 2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa0191
- Ley 21.704 (Convenio sobre Sustancias Sicotrópicas de 1971), modificada por la Decisión 63/12 de la Comisión de Estupefacientes. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-21704-232689/texto1
- CND Decision 63/12: Inclusion of flualprazolam in Schedule IV of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 (March 4, 2020). (n.d.). https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/Drug_Resolutions/2020-2029/2020/Decision_63_12.pdf1
- UNODC Laboratory and Scientific Service — Substance Details: Flualprazolam. (n.d.). https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Substance/Details/0915776e-f185-450f-9e4b-a40a676aa1fc1
- Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F1996B03651/2025-03-01/2025-03-01/text/original/pdf1
- Psychotropenverordnung (PV), Anlage 1, Punkt 2. ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2021_II_8/BGBLA_2021_II_8.html1
- Psychotropenverordnung (PV), Anlage 1, Punkt 2. ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40267457/NOR40267457.html1
- Psychotropenverordnung (PV), Anlage 1, Punkt 2. ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011040&Paragraf=51
- Psychotropenverordnung (PV), Anlage 1, Punkt 2. ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011040&Paragraf=301
Further Reading
Article Status
Step 1 · Automated synthesisAn autonomous workflow built by Josie Kins compiled this article's foundation from information published across the web.
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Recent changes8 human edits · latest
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20 August 2026
Lyrea · Added a citation in Pharmacology › Pharmacokinetics
Lyrea · Added a source: using in vitro incubations with pooled human liver S9 fraction or HepaRG cells
Lyrea · Reworded 14 words in Pharmacology › Pharmacokinetics
Lyrea · Reworded 25 words in Pharmacology › Pharmacokinetics
Lyrea · Updated the article
19 August 2026
Lyrea · Changed a word in Dosage & Duration › Routes 1 › Dose ranges › Light
24 January 2026
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
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