Bromo-DragonFLY

8-bromo-4-(2-aminopropyl)benzodifuran

DOB-DragonFLY, B-DFLY, Dragonfly, 3C-Bromo-Dragonfly, ABDF

Psychoactive Class

Chemical Class

Phenethylamine (substituted)Amphetamine (psychedelic)Benzodifuran

Bromo-DragonFLY is a synthetic psychedelic of the substituted phenethylamine and benzodifuran classes.¹² First described in the scientific literature in 1998,¹ its name derives from the insect-like appearance of two furan rings fused to a central benzene ring.³ The substance is extremely potent, estimated at roughly one-third the potency of LSD by weight, and produces unusually prolonged effects.⁴ It is considered highly dose-sensitive and has been associated with numerous hospitalizations and fatalities.²⁵

Dosage & Duration

Dosage

Threshold~75 μg

Light100-300 μg

Moderate300-500 μg

Strong500-750 μg

Heavy750+ μg

This substance is exceptionally potent, and the strength of available material has varied considerably between batches and time periods—supplies circulating before 2006 were notably stronger than those appearing later. Combined with significant individual variation in response, this makes careful dosing essential. Approach any new or unfamiliar batch with extreme caution.

Duration

Onset2-7 hours

Come Up3-6 hours

Peak6-12 hours

Offset3-8 hours

After Effects12-36 hours

Total24-96 hours

Subjective Effects

Bromo-DragonFLY produces a long-acting and unpredictable psychedelic experience characterized by profound hallucinations, visual distortions, and states ranging from peace, well-being, and a sense of connection with other realities to severe anxiety, panic, and terrifying hallucinations. The onset is markedly delayed, taking up to six hours to fully manifest, and the experience is exceptionally protracted, commonly lasting one to three days. At very high doses, reports describe multi-day durations accompanied by ego loss, dissociation, and overwhelmingly negative experiences; one survivor's account described the trip as an eternity of being dragged to hell and back.

Physical

The body experience is stimulating and restless, with pupil dilation, appetite suppression, sweating and chills, and muscle tension. Adverse physical effects include nausea and vomiting, headache, elevated heart rate and blood pressure, vasoconstriction, and, in severe cases, seizures.

Cognitive

The headspace combines euphoria, empathy, insight, and ego softening with emotional intensification, but readily shifts toward confusion, short-term memory disruption, anxiety, and panic. A sense of connection or belonging with other realities is a recurring feature.

Confusion

Emotional

Empathy enhancement Emotion intensification

Enhancements

Transpersonal

Visual

Visuals span typical psychedelic enhancements and distortions at lower intensities, progressing to profound hallucinatory states at stronger ones.

Distortions

Drifting

Hallucinatory States

Internal hallucinations

Auditory

Tactile

Tactile enhancement

Reagent Testing

Expected colorimetric results for common reagent tests. Colors show reaction change over 1–2 minutes.

Marquis(MQ)

Mecke(ME)

PROtestkit.eu

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Bromo-DragonFLY is a potent full agonist at serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT2B receptors, with sub-nanomolar binding affinities across all three subtypes.¹ Rather than being selective for 5-HT2A, it is best characterized as a non-subtype-selective 5-HT2 agonist, displaying roughly twice the potency at 5-HT2C compared to 5-HT2A.¹ Bromo-DragonFLY is also a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A).⁴ The (R)-enantiomer possesses greater binding affinity at the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors than the (S)-enantiomer.⁶

Pharmacokinetics

In pooled human liver microsomes, pooled human liver cytosol, and recombinant-enzyme systems, Bromo-DragonFLY was not detectably metabolized. The same in-vitro study measured competitive inhibition of MAO-A with a Ki of 0.352 μM, while cautioning that more data are needed to determine its effect on serotonin in vivo. A later ADME study used computational prediction rather than human dosing or experimental pharmacokinetic sampling, so its absorption, distribution, metabolic, and excretion estimates should not be presented as measured human parameters.⁴⁷

Metabolitesnone documented yet

Interactions

Dangerous

Highest risk

These combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.

CannabisLithiumStimulantsTramadol

TripSit

Tolerance

Full Tolerance

Tolerance to the effects of Bromo-DragonFLY develops almost immediately following ingestion.

Baseline Reset

Approximately 14 days without further consumption

Half Tolerance

Approximately 6 days

Cross Tolerance

Serotonergic psychedelics

Harm Potential

Addiction & Dependence

Psychological

Extremely Low

Bromo-DragonFLY is generally not associated with compulsive reuse. Motivation to take it again may decline with repeated use, and use is usually self-limiting.

Toxicity

Cardiovascular

Severe overdose causes extreme, prolonged vasoconstriction that can lead to dangerous hypertension, tissue necrosis of extremities, gangrene, and potentially limb amputation; elevated heart rate and blood pressure occur during typical intoxication but serious vascular damage is associated with massive overdoses.⁸

Psychosis Risk

Overdose effects include bizarre, delusional, and sometimes violent behavior, along with terrifying hallucinations, severe confusion, and amnesia. The extremely long duration of effects and the substance's abnormally prolonged presence in the body may increase psychological distress. Users may become severely agitated and unable to communicate.⁹

Seizure Risk

Seizures and convulsions have been reported as side effects, particularly in overdose situations.⁹ Multiple fatalities involved seizures as part of the clinical presentation, including cases where individuals experienced seizures, vomited blood, and suffered terrifying hallucinations before death.

History & Culture

Discovery and Synthesis

Bromo-DragonFLY emerged from academic research conducted at Purdue University during the mid-1990s, where it was initially developed as a novel chemical tool for studying serotonin receptor binding in rat brain tissue. The compound was formally synthesized and characterized in 1998 by Matthew…

Legality

International

Bromo-DragonFLY does not appear in the schedules to the 1961 Single Convention, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, or the tables to the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

By Country

United StatesIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Analogue Act

Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986, 21 U.S.C. §§ 802(32), 813³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹

Not scheduled at the federal level. The Federal Analogue Act may apply if sold for human consumption due to structural similarities with DOB and 2C-B. Listed as a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Oklahoma.

By state

Across the 50 states, D.C., and the permanent territories, most jurisdictions treat Bromo-DragonFLY consistently with federal control; listed entries record independently verified differences in state classification or coverage.

MinnesotaIllegalSchedule I hallucinogen

NebraskaIllegalSchedule I controlled substance

TexasIllegalPenalty Group 2 hallucinogen

AustraliaIllegalSchedule 9

Poisons Standard, Schedule 9¹⁵

Listed under Schedule 9 of the Poisons Standard nationally since February 2009, making possession, production, and sale illegal. Additionally added to Schedule 2 of the Queensland Drugs Misuse Regulation 1987 as of September 9, 2011.¹⁶

CanadaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Schedule III

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, Schedule III²⁰

Canada placed it in Schedule III of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act effective October 12, 2016, through the broad 2C-phenethylamine entry covering salts, derivatives, isomers, and salts of derivative or isomer forms; that entry applies to compounds with a 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine core.²¹

FinlandIllegalLiite IV

Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista (543/2008)²³²⁴

Classified as an illegal designer drug as of March 12, 2012. Added to the national list of controlled substances.²⁵

JapanIllegal指定薬物

医薬品、医療機器等の品質、有効性及び安全性の確保等に関する法律第二条第十五項に規定する指定薬物及び同法第七十六条の四に規定する医療等の用途を定める省令, 第1条第261号; 医薬品、医療機器等の品質、有効性及び安全性の確保等に関する法律第76条の4²⁷²⁸

Designated as a controlled substance effective August 19, 2015.

PolandIllegal (analog/blanket ban)grupa I-NPS

Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych³¹³²³³

Not currently scheduled or controlled under Polish drug legislation.

SwedenIllegalFörteckning I

Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika³⁴³⁵³⁶

Listed as a Schedule IV narcotic substance as of January 3, 2008, under Medical Products Agency regulation LVFS 2007:14. Previously classified as a 'health hazard' on July 15, 2007, under SFS 2007:600, which prohibited sale, purchase, retail, and possession.

TurkeyIllegal

Classified as a controlled drug. Possession, production, supply, and importation are prohibited.

United KingdomPsychoactive Substances Act 2016 / Class A (Unclear)Citation needed

Not explicitly named in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Coverage under the phenylethylamine Class A catch-all clause is disputed due to its benzodifuran structure. Definitively covered by the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 when sold or traded for human consumption.³⁸

ArgentinaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Fenetilaminas: benzodifuranos

Decreto N.º 560/2019, Anexo II, ítem 13, en relación con el artículo 77 del Código Penal^11121314

Bromo-DragonFLY is covered as a benzodifuran phenethylamine by item 13 of Annex II to Decree No. 560/2019. Article 2 of that decree treats substances within Annex II chemical groups as estupefacientes under Article 77 of the Criminal Code. Law No. 23.737 therefore criminalizes unauthorized production, preparation, distribution, and possession of the substance.

AustriaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Anlage II

Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung (NPSV), Anlage II Z 2, in Verbindung mit § 4 Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz (NPSG)¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹

Bromo-DragonFLY is covered as a phenethylamine-derived new psychoactive substance under Annex II, item 2, of Austria's Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung; the provision expressly covers derivatives bearing benzofuran ring systems. The Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz makes it an offence, when done for gain and for human psychoactive use, to produce, import, export, supply, or procure a substance covered by that class, punishable by up to two years' imprisonment.

DenmarkIllegalListe B

Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer (BEK nr 405 af 26/03/2026)²²

Banned on December 3, 2007, following recommendations from the Danish Health Ministry. Classified as a dangerous narcotic substance, prohibiting possession, manufacture, importation, supply, and usage.

GermanyIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Stoffgruppe 1

Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz, Anlage²⁶

Controlled under the Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz (New Psychoactive Substances Act) as a derivative of 2-phenethylamine. Production and sale are prohibited; however, possession and import are not penalized when intended solely for personal consumption.

NorwayIllegal§ 5

Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften), Narkotikalisten and § 5²⁹

Listed on the Norwegian narcotics list³⁰ and controlled under the 'Derivatbestemmelsen,' an analogue act-type provision that regulates structurally similar compounds.³⁰

RomaniaIllegal

Added as an illegal substance under Law 143/2000 on February 10, 2010. Possession, production, and sale are prohibited.

SwitzerlandLikely Illegal (Uncertain)Citation needed

Legal status remains ambiguous. May potentially fall under Verzeichnis E point 130 or Buchstabe C of controlled substances regulations due to structural relationships with controlled amphetamine derivatives, though the exact scope of these definitions is unclear.

United Arab EmiratesIllegalPsychotropic

Federal Decree-Law on Combating Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances³⁷

Bromo-DragonFLY is listed as a controlled psychotropic substance in the United Arab Emirates. The federal drug law identifies the substance by its chemical name and the Bromo-DragonFLY name.

References

Source Pages

Citations

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