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3-FPM
3-Fluorophenmetrazine
PAL-593, 3-FPH, 3F-Phenmetrazine
3-Fluorophenmetrazine is a synthetic phenylmorpholine stimulant and fluorinated derivative of phenmetrazine, a former anorectic. Its synthesis and pharmacology were first reported in a 2011 patent, with human use emerging through the online research chemical market in the mid-2010s. It is generally described as producing comparatively moderate, controlled stimulation with enhanced focus and motivation, although anecdotal reports indicate that serious nervous system reactions can occur in some individuals.
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Doses are population estimates that vary widely between individuals.
Threshold5 mg
Light10-20 mg
Moderate20-35 mg
Strong35-50 mg
Heavy50+ mg
Duration
Onset5 minutes
Total3-6 hours
Subjective Effects
Legacy content. A statistically backed ontology from Mindstate Design Labs is coming soon.
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
The physical effects of 3-FPM can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
Cognitive
The cognitive effects of 3-FPM can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. It contains a large number of typical stimulant cognitive effects. Although negative side effects are usually mild at low to moderate doses, they become increasingly likely to manifest themselves with higher amounts or extended usage. This particularly holds true during the offset of the experience.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
3-FPM primarily acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent by reversing monoamine transporters, increasing extracellular norepinephrine and dopamine. It releases serotonin with substantially lower potency. 3-FPM also inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine transporter-mediated uptake, while its effect on serotonin uptake is considerably weaker.
Pharmacokinetics
3-FPM undergoes N-oxidation, aryl hydroxylation followed by O-methylation, alkyl hydroxylation, oxidation, and degradation of the ethyl bridge. These pathways can produce an O/N-bis-dealkylated metabolite and combined transformation products, with further glucuronidation or sulfation.
Tolerance
Tolerance timelines are rules of thumb, not exact schedules, and vary widely between individuals and use patterns.
Full Tolerance
Tolerance to many effects develops with prolonged, repeated use, requiring increasingly large doses to achieve comparable effects.
Baseline Reset
Tolerance returns to baseline after approximately 1-2 weeks without further use.
Half Tolerance
Tolerance is reduced by approximately half after 3-7 days without further use.
Cross Tolerance
Dopaminergic stimulants
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
ModerateChronic use is considered moderately addictive, with high abuse potential and the capacity to produce psychological dependence in some users. Repeated dosing may become difficult to control, and established addiction may involve cravings after cessation.
Physical
Withdrawal effects may occur when use is stopped suddenly after addiction has developed.
Toxicity
Lethal Dosage
The exact toxic dose is unknown.
Systemic inflammatory response
Serious flu-like symptoms have occurred during the comedown, including muscle and joint aches, fever, chills, headaches, and occasional migraine auras.
History & Culture
3-FPM is a fluorinated analogue of phenmetrazine, an appetite suppressant that was clinically used in Europe during the 1950s and marketed through the 1960s and 1970s before being withdrawn amid concerns about abuse and addiction. Phenmetrazine was also alleged to have been used by The Beatles in…
Legality
International
3-FPM is not named in the INCB lists of narcotic drugs under the 1961 Convention or psychotropic substances under the 1971 Convention. It is also not named in the precursor tables of the 1988 Convention.
By Country
Illegal14
United StatesIllegal (analog/blanket ban)3-FPM is a meta-fluorinated structural analogue of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II substance used as the pharmacological comparator, but 3-FPM is not separately listed in the DEA federal controlled-substances list dated August 27, 2026. Federal analogue treatment is case-specific: 3-FPM must satisfy the substantial-similarity and effects-or-representation elements in 21 U.S.C. § 802(32), fall outside the statutory exclusions, and be intended for human consumption before § 813 treats it as a Schedule I controlled substance. In vitro and ex vivo studies report that 3-FPM has monoamine-transporter effects generally comparable to phenmetrazine, but whether it meets the statutory criteria remains a case-specific legal and factual determination. Under federal law, and subject to the applicable knowledge requirements and statutory authorizations, §§ 841(a)(1) and 844(a) prohibit its possession, manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and possession with intent to manufacture, distribute, or dispense when those analogue conditions are established.
By state
VirginiaIllegalCode of Virginia § 54.1-344660
ArgentinaIllegal3-FPM (3-fluorofenmetrazina) is listed in Anexo I of Decreto N° 560/2019 as 2-(3-fluorofenil)-3-metilmorfolina and is therefore an estupefaciente under Article 77 of the Código Penal. The decree has applied since its publication on 15 August 2019; unauthorized production, manufacture, preparation, commerce, distribution, supply, and possession of estupefacientes are offences under Ley N° 23.737.
AustraliaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)3-FPM (3-fluorophenmetrazine) is a controlled drug analogue under the Commonwealth Criminal Code framework because it is an analogue of phenmetrazine, which is listed as a controlled drug in Schedule 1 to the Criminal Code Regulations 2019. The Code treats an analogue of a listed controlled drug as a controlled drug and defines an analogue to include a substance substantially similar in chemical structure. Commonwealth offences apply to the importation, manufacture, possession and trafficking of controlled drugs; State and Territory laws give the national poisons schedules additional effect.
AustriaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung (NPSV) § 1 Abs. 1 Z 2, § 1 Abs. 2, Anlage II Nr. 2 (Phenethylamin-Verbindungen), issued under § 3 Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz (NPSG)6789
The consolidated NPSV provides that every substance covered by a chemical definition in Annex II is a new psychoactive substance. Annex II no. 2 covers phenethylamine compounds; 3-FPM’s 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methylmorpholine structure has the aryl-C-C-N phenethylamine core and the fluoroaryl and substituted heterocyclic features permitted by the regulation’s definition of chemical structures in § 1(2). The currently consolidated Annex II is the version substituted by BGBl. II Nr. 106/2024, which was promulgated on 18 April 2024 and entered into force at the end of that day under NPSV § 2(5).
BrazilIllegalSVS/MS Ordinance (Portaria) No. 344 of 12 May 1998, Annex I, as updated and republished by ANVISA RDC No. 1,036 of 9 July 2026 (DOU 13 July 2026)101112
ANVISA’s current controlled-substances index identifies RDC No. 1,036/2026 as the vigente (current) version of Annex I to Portaria No. 344/1998. Its republished Annex I expressly names 3-fluorofenmetrazina (3-fluorophenmetrazine), with the synonyms 2-(3-fluorofenil)-3-metilmorfolina and 3-FPM, as item 17 of List F2; this is a direct named listing, not merely an isomer or analogue control. List F is titled substances of prohibited use in Brazil, and Article 4 of Portaria No. 344 prohibits production, manufacture, import, export, commerce, and use of proscribed substances and medicines, except activities by SVS/MS-authorized bodies and institutions strictly for medical and scientific research. RDC No. 1,036 entered into force on its publication date; the official text records DOU publication on 13 July 2026.
Czech RepublicIllegalGovernment Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll., on lists of addictive substances (Nařízení vlády o seznamech návykových látek)1314
3-FPM is listed as 3F-Fenmetrazin in Annex 4 to Government Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll., the Czech list of psychotropic substances in Schedule I of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances and additional psychotropic substances. It is an addictive substance under Act No. 167/1998 Coll.; handling requires a Ministry of Health permit and Annex 4 substances may be used only for the limited research, scientific, and very limited therapeutic purposes specified in that permit.
GermanyIllegal (analog/blanket ban)3-FPM is covered by the NpSG's Annex 1, Stoffgruppe 1, which controls compounds derived from 2-phenethylamine and permits fluorine substitution and the relevant nitrogen-containing ring closure. Under section 3, its manufacture, supply, import or other movement into, out of, or through Germany, acquisition, possession, and administration to another person are prohibited. The Act has applied since 26 November 2016; the official consolidated text is current through the amendment of 7 January 2026. Recognized commercial, industrial, and scientific uses are excepted under section 3(2).
IsraelIllegalDangerous Drugs Ordinance [New Version], 5733-1973, First Schedule, Part B, Chapter B, item 6ז, as amended by the Dangerous Drugs Notice (Amendment of the First Schedule), 5777-2017282930
3-Fluorophenmetrazine is listed in item 6ז of Part B, Chapter B of the First Schedule to the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance [New Version], 5733-1973 by the chemical identity 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methylmorpholine; the listing, which expressly names PAL-593, 3-FPM, and 3F-Phenmetrazine as synonyms, took effect on 13 February 2017. Under the Ordinance, a dangerous drug includes a listed substance and its salts, as well as any preparation, compound, mixture, or solution containing the substance or its salts. Production, possession, use, import, export, trade, other transactions, and supply are prohibited unless authorized by the Ordinance, regulations, or a licence.
NetherlandsIllegal (analog/blanket ban)3-FPM (3-fluorophenmetrazine) is covered by Lijst IA of the Opiumwet as a substance derived from 2-fenethylamine. The list definition expressly includes ring closure in which the nitrogen atom forms part of structural element B, encompassing the morpholine ring of 3-FPM. Since 1 July 2025, the Act prohibits importing or exporting, preparing, processing, selling, supplying, transporting, possessing, or manufacturing a substance in a Lijst IA group or a preparation containing it.
PolandIllegalRozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych (Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1139), as amended by Dz.U. 2025 poz. 598 and Dz.U. 2026 poz. 93433343536
The operative list expressly names 3-fluorophenmetrazine/3-FPM at Annex 3, Part 1, item 29, with the chemical designation 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methylmorpholine; this is an exact-substance entry, not an inference from an analogue or generic group. The 2025 amendment, effective 22 May 2025, changes Annex 3 items 45 and 59–66 and specified generic NPS groups, not item 29; the later 2026 amendment likewise changes other Annex 3 items and groups, not item 29. Poland's official Bureau for Chemical Substances states that the Act requires a licence for business manufacture, processing, import/export, intra-EU supply/acquisition, or placing an NPS on the market.
SingaporeIllegal3-FPM is a Class A controlled drug in Part I of the First Schedule to Singapore's Misuse of Drugs Act 1973. The Misuse of Drugs Act (Amendment of First and Fifth Schedules) Order 2021 added 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methylmorpholine (3-fluorophenmetrazine/3F-phenmetrazine) and its fluoro positional isomers, effective 1 May 2021. Unauthorised possession, consumption, trafficking, manufacture, import and export of a controlled drug are offences under the Act.
SwedenIllegal3-FPM (2-(3-fluorofenyl)-3-metylmorfolin, 3-fluorofenmetrazin) is listed in Bilaga 1 to the Regulation on Control of Narcotics and is therefore deemed a narcotic drug under the Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act. Unlawful transfer, manufacture, acquisition for transfer, handling other than for personal use, possession, and use are narcotics offences; the basic offence is punishable by imprisonment for up to three years, while a minor offence is punishable by a fine or imprisonment for up to six months.
UkraineIllegalCabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 770 of 6 May 2000, as amended by Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 192 of 10 March 2021474849
3-FPM (3-fluorophenmetrazine) is listed in List No. 2 of Table I of the Ukrainian controlled-substances list, for particularly dangerous psychotropic substances whose circulation is prohibited. The listing was added by Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 192 of 10 March 2021; circulation is prohibited except for the statutory expert, operational-search, educational, scientific, and technical purposes.
Controlled / restricted2
IrelandRestricted3-FPM is subject to the Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010 when supplied for human consumption. The Act makes sale, importation and exportation of a psychoactive substance an offence where the person knows or is reckless as to that purpose.
Not scheduled3
FranceNot scheduledArrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, as compiled by ANSM through 26 June 2026; Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances psychotropes, as compiled by ANSM through 3 July 202615161718
3-FPM does not appear under its names or chemical identity in France's consolidated national narcotics and psychotropics schedules under the two orders of 22 February 1990. The narcotics schedule lists phenmetrazine, but its Annex III extension covers salts and, for entries marked with an asterisk, stereoisomers; phenmetrazine is not marked with an asterisk, and 3-FPM is identified as a derivative rather than phenmetrazine itself or one of its salts. The generic cathinone and phenethylamine provisions do not cover 3-FPM's morpholine structure. 3-FPM is therefore unscheduled under these national schedules, but this classification does not determine the lawfulness of importation, sale, supply, presentation as a medicine, or conduct governed by other French regulatory regimes.
IndiaNot scheduledNarcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, Schedule, as last amended by S.O. 906(E) (18 February 2026)232425
3-FPM (3-fluorophenmetrazine) is not listed in the Schedule to India's Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. The Act defines a psychotropic substance as a substance, material, salt, or preparation included in that Schedule; it contains no structural-analogue or blanket new-psychoactive-substance provision that extends the Schedule's control to 3-FPM merely because phenmetrazine is listed. Accordingly, 3-FPM is not a psychotropic substance controlled under the Act's Schedule.
SpainNot scheduledReal Decreto 2829/1977, de 6 de octubre, por el que se regulan las sustancias y preparados medicinales psicotrópicos, así como la fiscalización e inspección de su fabricación, distribución, prescripción y dispensación4041
3-FPM (3-fluorophenmetrazine) is not listed in the current Annex 1 schedules to Real Decreto 2829/1977, Spain's national psychotropic-substances control instrument. The Annex lists phenmetrazine separately as 3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine in Lista II; that named compound is not 3-FPM. The decree applies its controls to substances enumerated in Lists I–IV and preparations containing them, so 3-FPM is unscheduled under this instrument.
References
Source Pages
Citations
- Decreto N° 560/2019. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-560-2019-326675/actualizacion1
- Decreto N° 560/2019. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/326675_dec560-1_pdf/archivo1
- Decreto N° 560/2019. argentina.gob.ar (n.d.). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-23737-138/actualizacion1
- Criminal Code Act 1995 and Criminal Code Regulations 2019. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A04868/2025-01-09/2025-01-09/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_2/document_2.html1
- Criminal Code Act 1995 and Criminal Code Regulations 2019. legislation.gov.au (n.d.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2019L00561/2025-03-01/2025-03-01/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html1
- Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung (NPSV) § 1 Abs. 1 Z 2, § 1 Abs. 2, Anlage II Nr. 2 (Phenethylamin-Verbindungen), issued under § 3 Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz (NPSG). ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=200076421
- Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung (NPSV) § 1 Abs. 1 Z 2, § 1 Abs. 2, Anlage II Nr. 2 (Phenethylamin-Verbindungen), issued under § 3 Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz (NPSG). ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40261441/II_106_2024_Anlage_II.pdf1
- Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung (NPSV) § 1 Abs. 1 Z 2, § 1 Abs. 2, Anlage II Nr. 2 (Phenethylamin-Verbindungen), issued under § 3 Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz (NPSG). ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/eli/bgbl/II/2024/1061
- Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung (NPSV) § 1 Abs. 1 Z 2, § 1 Abs. 2, Anlage II Nr. 2 (Phenethylamin-Verbindungen), issued under § 3 Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz (NPSG). ris.bka.gv.at (n.d.). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40134446/NOR40134446.html1
- SVS/MS Ordinance (Portaria) No. 344 of 12 May 1998, Annex I, as updated and republished by ANVISA RDC No. 1,036 of 9 July 2026 (DOU 13 July 2026). anvisalegis.datalegis.net (n.d.). https://anvisalegis.datalegis.net/action/ActionDatalegis.php?acao=abrirTextoAto&tipo=RDC&numeroAto=00001036&seqAto=000&valorAno=2026&orgao=RDC/DC/ANVISA/MS&codTipo=&desItem=&desItemFim=&cod_menu=1696&cod_modulo=134&pesquisa=true1
Further Reading
Backberg et al. 2016 - Adverse events related to 3-FPM (STRIDA project)
Blough et al. 2011 - Phenylmorpholines patent- Gibbons et al. 2016 - Emerging NPS in the United Kingdom
- Mayer et al. 2017 - Acute kidney injury and limb ischaemia with 3-FPM
- Pifl et al. 2017 - Fluorinated phenmetrazine as monoamine transporter substrates
- Soh & Elliott 2014 - Phenmetrazine pharmacology review
- Welter et al. 2017 - 3-FPM metabolism and biotransformation
Article Status
Step 1 · Automated synthesisAn autonomous workflow built by Josie Kins compiled this article's foundation from information published across the web.
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Recent changes7 human edits · latest
Times are UTCNewest first
24 January 2026
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
Josie Kins · Updated the article · also 1,4-Butanediol, 1B-LSD, 1cP-AL-LAD and 573 more
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