Codeine
3-Methylmorphine
Lean, Purple Drank, Syrup
Codeine is a naturally occurring opiate alkaloid found in the opium poppy (*Papaver somniferum*), first discovered by Pierre Jean Robiquet in 1832.12 It functions primarily as a prodrug of morphine, making it a relatively weak opioid in its own right.34 Codeine is used medically as an analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal.1 It is frequently available over-the-counter in combination with acetaminophen or ibuprofen5, and cold water extraction is commonly employed to separate codeine from these potentially harmful additives.
Contents
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Threshold~50 mg
Light50-100 mg
Moderate100-150 mg
Strong150-200 mg
Heavy200+ mg
Most individuals experience a ceiling effect for both analgesic and euphoric properties in the range of 300–500 mg, though some may find this threshold extends to approximately 600 mg due to individual variation. Doses beyond this point primarily increase the risk and severity of adverse effects rather than producing proportionally greater desired effects.
Duration
Onset30-45 minutes
After Effects1-12 hours
Total3-6 hours
Half-life
~3 hours
Subjective Effects
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
The physical effects of codeine can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of codeine is described by many as one of intense euphoria, relaxation, anxiety suppression and pain relief.
Cognitive
Reagent Testing
Loading reagent data
Expected colorimetric results are being prepared.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Codeine functions primarily as a prodrug6, possessing relatively weak affinity for the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) on its own7 (Ki of approximately 1,500 nM in rat brain tissue). Its analgesic effects are largely mediated by its active metabolites morphine6 and codeine-6-glucuronide, both of which are substantially more potent MOR agonists. Codeine also acts as an agonist at κ-opioid and δ-opioid receptors, and suppresses the cough reflex through a direct action on the cough center in the medulla8. Additionally, codeine has been reported to activate TLR4 signaling, which may contribute to increased pain sensitivity independently of its conversion to morphine.9
Pharmacokinetics
Codeine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, reaching peak plasma concentration approximately 60 minutes after oral administration.7 It is extensively metabolized in the liver, with approximately 70 to 80% of the ingested dose undergoing glucuronidation to codeine-6-glucuronide via UGT2B7 and UGT2B4.7 Approximately 5 to 10% is O-demethylated to morphine by CYP2D6, and about 10% is N-demethylated to norcodeine by CYP3A4.7 UGT2B7 further conjugates norcodeine and morphine to their corresponding 3- and 6-glucuronides. The plasma half-life of codeine and its metabolites is approximately 3 hours.7 CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic across populations, resulting in significant individual variation in the rate of morphine production.6
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Unsafe
AvoidThere is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.
Caution
Use cautionThese combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
Tolerance
Full Tolerance
Tolerance develops with chronic use, requiring progressively increased doses to achieve the desired effect. Physical dependence reliably develops with extended use, with the severity of tolerance and subsequent withdrawal dependent on both dose and duration of use.
Cross Tolerance
Opioids (morphine, heroin, and other μ-opioid receptor agonists)
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
ModerateCodeine exhibits abuse potential similar to other opioid medications10, though it is considered less reinforcing than stronger opioids like morphine or heroin. There is a tendency to underestimate its harm potential, particularly with codeine-promethazine cough syrup formulations where at least two deaths in the hip-hop community have been attributed to chronic use.
Physical
HighChronic use causes physical dependence10 with potentially severe withdrawal symptoms including drug craving, runny nose, yawning, sweating, insomnia, weakness, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle spasms, chills, irritability, and pain. Withdrawal can be as painful and long-lasting as heroin withdrawal, with symptom onset typically within 4-48 hours and duration of 4-5 days.
Toxicity
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Reduced intestinal motility and constipation are common with regular use; chronic opioid use may lead to obstructive bowel disease, particularly in patients with underlying intestinal motility disorders.10
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular effects including orthostatic hypotension and bradycardia may occur during use, with compromised ability to maintain blood pressure due to peripheral vasodilation.10
Endocrine
Long-term use may cause reduced sexual desire in both sexes; women may experience absent or irregular menstruation.
Central Nervous System
Chronic long-term use may contribute to apathy and memory loss; sedation, drowsiness10, and cognitive impairment occur during acute intoxication.
Seizure Risk
Seizures are listed as a rare adverse effect. Seizures have also been observed in neonates experiencing narcotic withdrawal from maternal codeine use during pregnancy.
History & Culture
Origins and Discovery
Codeine derives its name from the Greek word "kodeia," meaning "poppy head," reflecting its natural occurrence as an alkaloid in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). The compound comprises approximately 2% of raw opium, which has been used by humans for millennia. The poppy may have been…
Legality
International
1961 Convention: Schedule II.
1971 Convention: not internationally scheduled.
1988 Convention: not internationally scheduled.
By Country
United StatesLegal (regulated)Schedules II–V
Pure codeine is Schedule II under the Controlled Substances Act. Certain combination formulations are classified as Schedule III or V depending on concentration. Some low-dose polysubstance products are available over-the-counter.
By state
The remaining states and territories in this pass mirror the federal formulation-based schedule treatment.
MaineLegal (regulated)Schedule Y
AustraliaPrescription onlySchedules 4 and 8
Since February 1, 2018, all codeine-containing preparations require a prescription. Pure codeine products are classified as Schedule 8 (Controlled Drug), meaning possession without authority is illegal and subject to the strictest regulation. Prior to this date, lower-dose preparations were available over-the-counter.
BrazilPrescription onlyLista A2
Brazil lists codeine in Lista A2 of the controlled-substances lists under Portaria SVS/MS nº 344/1998. Qualifying low-strength preparations are sold only on a special prescription retained by the pharmacy.
CanadaLegal (regulated)Schedule I
Codeine is a Schedule I controlled substance. However, low-concentration combination products remain available over-the-counter, including formulations containing 8 mg codeine combined with caffeine and paracetamol.
ChinaPrescription only药用类麻醉药品目录
Codeine is listed as a medical narcotic drug in China’s Medical Narcotic Drugs Catalogue (2025 edition), which applies from publication. The Regulation for the Control of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances permits research, production, trade, use, storage, and transport only as it provides, and prohibits retail sale of narcotic drugs. Only physicians granted narcotic-drug prescribing qualifications may issue prescriptions in their medical institutions. Compound oral liquid preparations containing codeine, including oral solutions and syrups, are separately listed as Class II psychotropic drugs.
DenmarkLegal (regulated)Liste C
Codeine is listed in List C of Denmark’s Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer, in force from 29 March 2026. Unprepared codeine is controlled for medical or scientific use, and receipt and possession are limited to authorized recipients, including patients supplied under a prescription. Dosage-unit preparations containing no more than 0.1 g of a List C substance, and other preparations containing no more than 2.5%, are excluded from the order’s controlled-drug definition; Denmark’s official medicines register lists a 9.6 mg codeine/acetylsalicylic-acid product as HA18, meaning pharmacy-only over-the-counter supply to adults subject to package limits.
GermanyPrescription onlyAnlage III
Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG), Anlage III36
Codeine is listed in Anlage III of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz as a marketable and prescribable narcotic drug. Preparations containing no other scheduled substance and no more than 2.5% codeine or 100 mg per divided dose are excepted, subject to special rules when prescribed to persons dependent on narcotics or alcohol.
JapanRestrictedNarcotic
Japan treats codeine as a narcotic under the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act. The Act excludes products containing no more than 1% codeine or dihydrocodeine, where no other listed narcotic or cannabis is present, from that definition.
LithuaniaLegal (regulated)II sąrašas
Lietuvos Respublikos sveikatos apsaugos ministro 2000 m. sausio 6 d. įsakymas Nr. 5 „Dėl Narkotinių ir psichotropinių medžiagų sąrašų patvirtinimo“464748
Codeine is listed in List II of Lithuania’s narcotic and psychotropic substance lists, which covers controlled substances permitted for medical use. The State Medicines Control Agency records an authorised 500 mg/8 mg/30 mg paracetamol/codeine/caffeine product as nonprescription, so low-dose codeine combination medicines may be supplied through the regulated medicines system.
NetherlandsIllegalLijst I
Codeine (codeïne) is listed in Lijst I of the Dutch Opiumwet. Article 2 prohibits importing or exporting, preparing, processing, selling, supplying, transporting, possessing, and manufacturing Lijst I substances. The Opiumwetbesluit exempts preparations containing no more than 0.5 mg codeine per gram or millilitre and no other Lijst I substance from the sale and possession prohibitions.
NorwayRestrictedN II+III
Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften)56
Codeine is entered in Norway’s narcotics list as N II+III. The regulation applies to manufacture, sale, import, export, dispensing, storage, possession, and use of narcotics.
RomaniaLegal (regulated)Table III
Codeine is a Table III controlled substance under Romania’s Law No. 339/2005. Medical use and dispensing are regulated, and dispensing Table II or III substances and preparations without a prescription is generally prohibited, subject to specified exempt preparations. Certain fixed-dose codeine combinations remain authorized for nonprescription sale: ANMDMR’s official Codamin P leaflet identifies its 15 mg codeine-phosphate combination as available without prescription, and ANMDMR’s July 2025 parallel-import list classifies Nurofen Plus 200 mg/12.8 mg as OTC.
South KoreaRestrictedExempt narcotic
마약류 관리에 관한 법률 시행규칙68
South Korea’s Narcotics Control Act Enforcement Rule specifies exempt narcotic preparations containing codeine. The exemption requires, among other conditions, no more than 1 g of codeine base per 100 g and no more than 20 mg per dose, with three or more non-narcotic active ingredients.
SwedenPrescription onlyFörteckning III
Regulated under national narcotic control laws. Prescription required for codeine-containing products.
UkraineRestrictedTable II, List 1
Codeine is listed in Table II, List No. 1 of Ukraine’s national list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, which classifies it as a narcotic drug whose circulation is restricted. Preparations containing no more than 100 mg of codeine per dosage unit and no more than 2.5 percent in undivided preparations are placed in Table III, List No. 1, under which exceptions from some control measures are permitted. Medicinal products containing codeine are dispensed by prescription under Ministry of Health Order No. 360.
ArgentinaRestrictedLista II
Resolución 2622/198819
Argentina lists codeine, identified as 3-methylmorphine, among narcotic drugs in Lista II. The resolution also includes the listed substance’s isomers and salts where they can exist.
AustriaPrescription onlyAnhang II
Suchtgiftverordnung22
Codeine is listed in Anhang II of the Suchtgiftverordnung. Pharmaceutical preparations containing codeine with non-narcotic ingredients are placed in Anhang III when they contain no more than 100 mg per dose or 2.5% in undivided preparations.
BulgariaLegal (regulated)Без лекарско предписание
Bulgarian Drug Agency list of non-prescription medicinal products in the Republic of Bulgaria (14 May 2026)2526
Bulgaria permits regulated non-prescription sale of certain authorized combination medicines containing codeine phosphate. The Bulgarian Drug Agency's list current to 14 May 2026 includes Paracofdal tablets and classifies them as non-prescription for adults and children over 14. The authorization is product- and age-specific.
ChilePrescription onlyLista II
Decreto Supremo Nº 404 de 1983, Reglamento de Estupefacientes29
Chile lists codeine in Lista II of the Reglamento de Estupefacientes. Codeine products up to 10 mg per administration unit in combination require an ordinary medical prescription; products above 10 mg and below 60 mg require a retained prescription, and products of 60 mg or more require a cheque prescription.
CyprusOTC available (solid dosage forms)Citation needed
As of 2015, over-the-counter sale of codeine solid dosage forms is permitted under European Union member state regulations.
EstoniaOTC available (solid dosage forms)Citation needed
As of 2015, over-the-counter sale of codeine solid dosage forms is permitted under European Union member state regulations.
IrelandLegal (regulated)Schedules 2 and 5
Codeine and its salts are Schedule 2 controlled drugs under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2017, while qualifying non-injectable compounded preparations containing no more than 100 mg of codeine base per dosage unit and no more than 2.5% in undivided preparations fall within Schedule 5. Production and supply of controlled drugs are prohibited unless authorised by the Regulations, but Schedule 5 preparations are exempt from the general import and export prohibition and are subject to fewer record-keeping controls. Some authorised low-dose codeine medicines are available without prescription through pharmacies only, while other products or pack sizes require a prescription.
LatviaPrescription onlyII saraksts
Codeine (CAS 76-57-3) is a Schedule II controlled narcotic in Latvia. Schedule II permits medical and scientific use, and medicines containing Schedule II substances are dispensed to patients only on prescription. Unauthorised manufacture, acquisition, possession, transport, dispatch, and sale are criminal offences; the schedule sets 0.2 g as the small-amount threshold and 10 g as the large-amount threshold.
MaltaOTC available (solid dosage forms)Citation needed
As of 2015, over-the-counter sale of codeine solid dosage forms is permitted under European Union member state regulations.
New ZealandPrescription onlySchedule 3
Regulated under national narcotic control legislation. Specific scheduling varies by formulation and concentration.
PolandLegal (regulated)jednorazowa sprzedaż
Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 16 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji o działaniu psychoaktywnym oraz maksymalnego poziomu ich zawartości w produkcie leczniczym, stanowiącego ograniczenie w wydawaniu produktów leczniczych w ramach jednorazowej sprzedaży57585960
In Poland, authorized non-prescription medicines containing codeine remain legally available through community pharmacies and pharmacy outlets. A single sale is limited to one package containing no more than 240 mg of codeine in all covered salt forms; the limit has applied since 1 January 2017. Such medicines may not be supplied to a person under 18, and pharmacy staff must refuse a sale when they believe the medicine may be used non-medically or endanger health or life.
SloveniaLegal (regulated)BRp
JAZMP marketing authorisation for Plivadon67
As of 2015, over-the-counter sale of codeine solid dosage forms is permitted under European Union member state regulations.
SpainPrescription onlyLista II
Instrumento de Ratificación del Convenio Único de 1961 sobre estupefacientes; Ley 17/1967, de 8 de abril697071
Codeine is listed as a narcotic in Lista II of the Single Convention schedules ratified by Spain, and Ley 17/1967 treats substances in Lists I and II as narcotics. Spanish law allows narcotics only for authorized industrial, therapeutic, scientific, or teaching uses, and narcotic preparations may be dispensed to the public only by legally established pharmacies on a clinician's prescription. Qualifying combination preparations containing no more than 100 mg of codeine per dosage unit and no more than 2.5% in undivided preparations fall within the Convention's Lista III but remain prescription medicines in Spain.
TurkeyPrescription onlyKırmızı Reçete
Codeine and codeine phosphate are listed by the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency as raw materials for magistral prescriptions subject to a red prescription. The list, updated on 7 August 2024, permits at most 1,000 mg of codeine or 1,400 mg of codeine phosphate on one red prescription. Law No. 2313 confines retail sale of controlled narcotic substances to pharmacies and requires a prescription.
United KingdomLegal (regulated)Class B
Controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act. Prescription required for most products, though combination preparations containing less than 12.8 mg codeine per dose are available over-the-counter from pharmacies.
References
Source Pages
Citations
- (1996). Codeine (PIM 140). Poisons Information Monograph. https://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/codeine.htm12
- Jaime Wisniak. (2013-03-01). Pierre-Jean Robiquet. Educación Química, 24(2), 139-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0187-893x(13)72507-21
- Preeti Patel, Jack Tharp, Ike Eriator, & Preeti Rout. (2024). Codeine. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526029/1
- (n.d.). codeine | Ligand page. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=16731
- Andreas Kimergård, Paolo Deluca, Peter Hindersson, & Torben Breindahl. (2016). How Resistant to Tampering are Codeine Containing Analgesics on the Market? Assessing the Potential for Opioid Extraction. Pain and Therapy, 5(2), 187-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-016-0053-21
- (2012). Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for Codeine Therapy in the Context of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Genotype. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3289963/1234
- (2026). Codeine Sulfate Tablets: Prescribing Information. DailyMed / National Library of Medicine. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5819bdf7-300e-45b8-8f3a-447b53656293123456789101112
- (2017). Role of the dorsomedial medulla in suppression of cough by codeine in cats. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2017.07.0111
- (2014). Codeine-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia: investigating the role of glial activation. Translational Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2014.12112
- (n.d.). Codeine Sulfate Tablets — Prescribing Information. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f317cd06-2851-4a52-86d3-6efde3a4c243123456789
- Zarei M K Z, Salehi P, Beni S, & Abdolmaleki A. (2023). Synthesis and Modification of Morphine and Codeine, Leading to Diverse Libraries with Improved Pain Relief Properties. Pharmaceutics, 15(6), Article 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics150617791
- Himmelsbach C K. (1934). The Addiction Liability of Codeine. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1934.027504500040021
- International Narcotics Control Board. (2015). Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2015; Statistics for 2013. 21. https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf1
- World Health Organization. (2023). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 23rd list, 2023. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2023.021
- World Health Organization. (2012). The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines: Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2011 (WHO Technical Report Series 965). 965. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/efcb2a17-8bc1-44dc-9b05-22c8f870fab2/content1
- Miuli A, Stigliano G, Lalli A, Coladonato M, D’Angelo L, & Esposito F. (2020). “Purple Drank” (Codeine and Promethazine Cough Syrup): A Systematic Review of a Social Phenomenon with Medical Implications. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52(5), 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.17972501
- (2001). Autopsy shows codeine overdose killed DJ Screw. Houston Chronicle. https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/autopsy-shows-codeine-overdose-killed-dj-screw-2004303.php1
- (2008). Cough syrup cited in rapper Pimp C's death. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-pimpc5feb05-story.html1
- (n.d.). Resolución 2622/1988. argentina.gob.ar. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/resoluci%C3%B3n-2622-1988-306114/texto1
- (2017). Final decision on re-scheduling of codeine: frequently asked questions. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Australian Government. https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/publication/scheduling-decisions-final/final-decision-re-scheduling-codeine-frequently-asked-questions1
- (n.d.). Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 2026. legislation.gov.au. https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L00633/latest/downloads1
- (n.d.). Suchtgiftverordnung. ris.bka.gv.at. https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=100110531
- (n.d.). Portaria SVS/MS nº 344/1998, Lista A2. gov.br. https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/medicamentos/controlados/lista/arquivos-controlados/6527json-file-1/%40%40download/file/6527json-file-1.pdf1
- (n.d.). Portaria SVS/MS nº 344/1998, Lista A2. bvsms.saude.gov.br. https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/anvisa/2004/rdc0200_17_08_2004.html1
- (n.d.). Bulgarian Drug Agency list of non-prescription medicinal products in the Republic of Bulgaria (14 May 2026). bda.bg. https://www.bda.bg/images/stories/documents/new_registered/202604/OTC.pdf1
- (n.d.). Bulgarian Drug Agency list of non-prescription medicinal products in the Republic of Bulgaria (14 May 2026). bda.bg. https://www.bda.bg/bg/%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B51
- (current). Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (SC 1996, c. 19), Schedule I. Government of Canada, Justice Laws Website. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-9.html1
- (n.d.). Controlled Drugs and Substances Act; Narcotic Control Regulations. laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.%2C_c._1041/section-36.html1
- (n.d.). Decreto Supremo Nº 404 de 1983, Reglamento de Estupefacientes. leychile.cl. https://www.leychile.cl/navegar?idNorma=130571
- (n.d.). 国家药监局 公安部 国家卫生健康委关于发布药用类麻醉药品和精神药品目录的公告（2025年第55号）. nmpa.gov.cn. https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/xxgk/ggtg/ypggtg/ypqtggtg/20250728092519123.html1
- (n.d.). 国家药监局 公安部 国家卫生健康委关于发布药用类麻醉药品和精神药品目录的公告（2025年第55号）. yjj.sh.gov.cn. https://yjj.sh.gov.cn/qtgzwj/20250728/80ad6017cd9d41daa4181ddb4a044c9c.html1
- (n.d.). 国家药监局 公安部 国家卫生健康委关于发布药用类麻醉药品和精神药品目录的公告（2025年第55号）. xzfg.moj.gov.cn. https://xzfg.moj.gov.cn/front/law/detail?LawID=17441
- (n.d.). Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer. retsinformation.dk. https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2026/4051
- (n.d.). Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer. retsinformation.dk. https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2023/11451
- (n.d.). Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer. medicinpriser.dk. https://medicinpriser.dk/Default.aspx?id=15&vnr=5068791
- (n.d.). Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG), Anlage III. gesetze-im-internet.de. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html1
- (n.d.). Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2017 (as amended). irishstatutebook.ie. https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/si/173/made/en/print1
- (n.d.). Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2017 (as amended). irishstatutebook.ie. https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/139/made/en/pdf1
- (n.d.). Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2017 (as amended). hpra.ie. https://www.hpra.ie/find-a-medicine/for-human-use/authorised-medicines/details/163171
- (2024). Update on review of over-the-counter medicines containing codeine. Health Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA), Ireland. https://www.hpra.ie/news-events/news/article/update-on-review-of-over-the-counter-medicines-containing-codeine1
- (n.d.). 麻薬及び向精神薬取締法. mhlw.go.jp. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/web/t_doc?dataId=81102000&dataType=01
- (n.d.). 麻薬及び向精神薬取締法. mhlw.go.jp. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2005/11/s1125-21.html1
- (n.d.). Par Krimināllikuma spēkā stāšanās un piemērošanas kārtību, 2. pielikums. likumi.lv. https://likumi.lv/ta/id/505391
- (n.d.). Par Krimināllikuma spēkā stāšanās un piemērošanas kārtību, 2. pielikums. likumi.lv. https://likumi.lv/ta/id/40283-par-narkotisko-un-psihotropo-vielu-un-zalu-likumigas-aprites-kartibu1
- (n.d.). Par Krimināllikuma spēkā stāšanās un piemērošanas kārtību, 2. pielikums. likumi.lv. https://likumi.lv/ta/id/88966-kriminallikums1
- (n.d.). Lietuvos Respublikos sveikatos apsaugos ministro 2000 m. sausio 6 d. įsakymas Nr. 5 „Dėl Narkotinių ir psichotropinių medžiagų sąrašų patvirtinimo“. e-seimas.lrs.lt. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.940301
- (n.d.). Lietuvos Respublikos sveikatos apsaugos ministro 2000 m. sausio 6 d. įsakymas Nr. 5 „Dėl Narkotinių ir psichotropinių medžiagų sąrašų patvirtinimo“. e-seimas.lrs.lt. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/actualedition/TAIS.94030/EjAEksbqRo/format/ISO_PDF/1
- (n.d.). Lietuvos Respublikos sveikatos apsaugos ministro 2000 m. sausio 6 d. įsakymas Nr. 5 „Dėl Narkotinių ir psichotropinių medžiagų sąrašų patvirtinimo“. vapris.vvkt.lt. https://vapris.vvkt.lt/vvkt-web/public/medications/view/10353?lang=en1
- (n.d.). Opiumwet. wetten.overheid.nl. https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2026-01-01/0/1
- (n.d.). Opiumwet. wetten.overheid.nl. https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0014405/2023-01-01/1
- (n.d.). Opiumwet. zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl. https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2003-154.html1
- (n.d.). Opiumwet. zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl. https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2002-624.html1
- (n.d.). Misuse of Drugs Act 1975; Medicines Regulations 1984. legislation.govt.nz. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/116/en/latest/#LMS96041
- (n.d.). Misuse of Drugs Act 1975; Medicines Regulations 1984. medsafe.govt.nz. https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/publications/media/2020/CodeineReclassification.asp1
- (n.d.). Misuse of Drugs Act 1975; Medicines Regulations 1984. medsafe.govt.nz. https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/class/recent.asp1
- (n.d.). Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften). lovdata.no. https://lovdata.no/nav/forskrift/2013-02-14-1991
- (n.d.). Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 16 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji o działaniu psychoaktywnym oraz maksymalnego poziomu ich zawartości w produkcie leczniczym, stanowiącego ograniczenie w wydawaniu produktów leczniczych w ramach jednorazowej sprzedaży. eli.gov.pl. https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2016/2189/ogl1
- (n.d.). Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 16 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji o działaniu psychoaktywnym oraz maksymalnego poziomu ich zawartości w produkcie leczniczym, stanowiącego ograniczenie w wydawaniu produktów leczniczych w ramach jednorazowej sprzedaży. eli.gov.pl. https://eli.gov.pl/api/acts/DU/2016/2189/text/O/D20162189.pdf1
- (n.d.). Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 16 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji o działaniu psychoaktywnym oraz maksymalnego poziomu ich zawartości w produkcie leczniczym, stanowiącego ograniczenie w wydawaniu produktów leczniczych w ramach jednorazowej sprzedaży. gov.pl. https://www.gov.pl/attachment/6fdff4f1-e858-4364-a459-9ceb69c002a41
- (n.d.). Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 16 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji o działaniu psychoaktywnym oraz maksymalnego poziomu ich zawartości w produkcie leczniczym, stanowiącego ograniczenie w wydawaniu produktów leczniczych w ramach jednorazowej sprzedaży. rejestrymedyczne.ezdrowie.gov.pl. https://rejestrymedyczne.ezdrowie.gov.pl/api/rpl/medicinal-products/43898/package1
- (n.d.). Law No. 339/2005 (as amended by Ordinance No. 42/2024). legislatie.just.ro. https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/2872501
- (n.d.). Law No. 339/2005 (as amended by Ordinance No. 42/2024). legislatie.just.ro. https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/2878621
- (n.d.). Law No. 339/2005 (as amended by Ordinance No. 42/2024). legislatie.just.ro. https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/377941
- (n.d.). Law No. 339/2005 (as amended by Ordinance No. 42/2024). anm.ro. https://www.anm.ro/medicamente-de-uz-uman/legislatie/ordine-de-ministru/1
- (n.d.). Law No. 339/2005 (as amended by Ordinance No. 42/2024). anm.ro. https://www.anm.ro/_/_PRO/PRO_9561_30.12.16.pdf1
- (n.d.). Law No. 339/2005 (as amended by Ordinance No. 42/2024). anm.ro. https://www.anm.ro/_/IMPORT%20PARALEL/Situatie%20AIP%2009.07.2025.pdf1
- (n.d.). 마약류 관리에 관한 법률 시행규칙. law.go.kr. https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsSideInfoP.do?docCls=jo&joBrNo=00&joNo=0002&lsiSeq=269047&urlMode=lsScJoRltInfoR1
- (n.d.). Instrumento de Ratificación del Convenio Único de 1961 sobre estupefacientes; Ley 17/1967, de 8 de abril. boe.es. https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1966-53731
- (n.d.). Instrumento de Ratificación del Convenio Único de 1961 sobre estupefacientes; Ley 17/1967, de 8 de abril. boe.es. https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1967-55921
- (n.d.). Instrumento de Ratificación del Convenio Único de 1961 sobre estupefacientes; Ley 17/1967, de 8 de abril. aemps.gob.es. https://www.aemps.gob.es/informa/medicamentos-que-combinan-codeina-e-ibuprofeno-evitar-el-uso-prolongado-y-de-dosis-superiores-a-las-recomendadas/1
- (n.d.). Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10). lakemedelsverket.se. https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/sv/lagar-och-regler/foreskrifter/2011-10-konsoliderad1
- (n.d.). Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10). lakemedelsverket.se. https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/sv/sok-lakemedelsfakta/lakemedel/20210531000026/paracetamol-codeine-accord-500-mg-30-mg-tablett1
- (n.d.). Kırmızı Reçeteye Tabi İlaçlar. titck.gov.tr. https://titck.gov.tr/storage/Archive/2024/contentFile/K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1%20Re%C3%A7eteye%20Tabi%20%C4%B0la%C3%A7lar%20Listesi_b0fa74a7-68b9-4edc-a853-6123c37292a4.pdf1
- (n.d.). Kırmızı Reçeteye Tabi İlaçlar. titck.gov.tr. https://www.titck.gov.tr/faaliyetalanlari/ilac/uyusturucu-ve-psikotrop-maddeler1
- (n.d.). Kırmızı Reçeteye Tabi İlaçlar. resmigazete.gov.tr. https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2005/02/20050217-4.htm1
- (n.d.). Kırmızı Reçeteye Tabi İlaçlar. mevzuat.gov.tr. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=2313&MevzuatTertip=3&MevzuatTur=11
- (n.d.). Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 770 of 6 May 2000. zakon.rada.gov.ua. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/770-2000-%D0%BF#Text1
- (n.d.). Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 770 of 6 May 2000. zakon.rada.gov.ua. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0782-05#Text1
- (20 October 2016). List of most commonly encountered drugs currently controlled under the misuse of drugs legislation. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/controlled-drugs-list--2/list-of-most-commonly-encountered-drugs-currently-controlled-under-the-misuse-of-drugs-legislation1
- (n.d.). Misuse of Drugs Act 1971; Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001. assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/852388/Codeine_and_dihydrocodeine_minimising_the_risk_of_addiction.pdf1
- (n.d.). Controlled Substances Act. uscode.house.gov. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=%28title%3A21+section%3A812+edition%3Aprelim%291
- (n.d.). Controlled Substances Act. ecfr.gov. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-II/part-1308/subpart-B1
- (n.d.). Controlled Substances Act. fda.gov. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-requires-labeling-changes-prescription-opioid-cough-and-cold1
- (n.d.). 17-A M.R.S. § 1102. legislature.maine.gov. https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/17-a/title17-Asec1102.html1
Further Reading
Automated synthesisInformation aggregated and synthesized using an autonomous workflow built by Josie Kins.
Suggest an edit
Spotted a mistake, an outdated claim, or something missing from the Codeine article? Send the editors a private note. Feedback lands in a moderation queue and is never shown on the site.