Ayahuasca
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine with Harmala Alkaloids (MAOI combination)
Aya, Caapi, Cipó, Yage, Yaje
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive decoction traditionally prepared from the Banisteriopsis caapi vine and a DMT-containing plant, used by indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin in ceremonial and shamanic contexts1 since before recorded history. The β-carboline alkaloids in B. caapi act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, rendering DMT orally active.23 Its name derives from Quechuan languages, meaning 'spirit rope' or 'liana of the soul.'3 Ayahuasca is known for producing intense spiritual and psychological experiences.13
Contents
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Ayahuasca is not dosed by weight. It is a brewed beverage prepared by macerating and boiling B. caapi vine with DMT-containing plants such as P. viridis or D. cabrerana. Potency varies radically between preparations depending on ingredient ratios, preparation skill, and admixtures, making standardized dosing unfeasible.
Duration
Onset20-60 minutes
After Effects1-8 hours
Total4-8 hours
Subjective Effects
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
The physical effects of Ayahuasca can be broken down into three main components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
Cognitive
The head space of ayahuasca is described by many as extremely sober and clear headed in its style when compared to other commonly used psychedelics such as LSD or Psilocin. This is despite the fact that it contains a large number of psychedelic typical and unique cognitive effects.
Enhancement of current mind stateAcceleration of thoughtConnectivity of thoughtFeelings of fascination, importance and aweTime distortionIntrospectionOutrospectionRejuvenationDéjà vuRemoval of cultural filterConceptual thinkingDirect communication with the subconsciousEgo suppression, loss and deathFeelings of interdependent oppositesDelusions
Visual
Geometry
The visual geometry that is present throughout this trip can be described as more similar in appearance to that of Psilocin than LSD. They can be comprehensively described as structured in their organization, organic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, large in size, fast and smooth in motion, colourful in scheme, glossy in colour, equal in blurred and sharp edges and equal in rounded and angular corners. At higher dosages they are significantly more likely to result in states of level 7B visual geometry over level 7A. In terms of their manifestation, they are progressive in nature and continuously self-complexify in settings with little or no visual input and disturbances.
Hallucinatory States
Ayahuasca and other forms of DMT produce a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is more consistent and reproducible than that of any other commonly used psychedelic.
Auditory
The auditory effects of ayahuasca are extremely consistent in occurrence in comparison to that of LSD and psilocin and exhibit a full range of effects.
Reagent Testing
Loading reagent data
Expected colorimetric results are being prepared.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Ayahuasca's psychoactive effects arise from the combined actions of DMT and harmala alkaloids. DMT stimulates serotonin receptors in the brain, with activity at the 5-HT2A receptor subtype most directly associated with its psychoactive properties.3 The harmala alkaloids harmine and harmaline function as selective, reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A, classified as RIMAs).4 The β-carbolines in B. caapi also exhibit independent activity at serotonin and benzodiazepine receptors.3 Tetrahydroharmine, another constituent alkaloid, displays weak serotonin reuptake inhibition.4
Pharmacokinetics
DMT is ordinarily degraded by monoamine oxidase enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, rendering it orally inactive when consumed alone.5 The reversible inhibition of MAO-A by harmine and harmaline prevents this oxidation, allowing DMT to pass unmetabolized through the stomach and small intestine and subsequently cross the blood-brain barrier.54 Individual polymorphisms of the CYP2D6 enzyme affect the rate at which harmine is metabolized.6
Metabolitesnone documented yet
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Unsafe
AvoidThere is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.
Caution
Use cautionThese combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
Tolerance
Full Tolerance
Ayahuasca does not produce significant tolerance with repeated use. The substance can theoretically be used on consecutive days without notable diminishment of effects.
Cross Tolerance
Serotonergic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline), Other 5-HT2A agonists
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
Extremely LowAyahuasca shows no psychological addiction potential and many users report a self-regulating quality to the substance. Research has shown it may actually be effective in treating addictions, with lower Addiction Severity Index scores observed in ayahuasca users compared to controls.7
Physical
Extremely LowAyahuasca is not physically addictive and does not produce physical dependence.8 The substance builds no significant tolerance and can theoretically be used frequently without developing dependence.8
Toxicity
Gastrointestinal
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea ('la purga') are common acute effects during the experience; these are transient symptoms related to the mechanism of action and are not indicative of organ damage.9
Cardiovascular
Acute increases in blood pressure and heart rate (tachycardia) occur during intoxication; these effects are transient and resolve after the experience ends.8
Endocrine
Transient increases in prolactin, cortisone, and growth hormone secretion have been correlated with ayahuasca consumption; these hormonal changes occur during the acute experience.8
Antibiotic Function
Possible
Harmaline has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and antiplasmodial properties.3 Harmala alkaloids have demonstrated ability to expel parasitic worms by stunning or killing them.
Psychosis Risk
Ayahuasca is suspected of triggering psychosis and schizophrenia in individuals with a predisposition to these conditions.5 Acute delusions, paranoia, and confusional states may occur during the experience, particularly when accompanied by severe nausea. Family history of psychotic disorders is considered a contraindication.11
Seizure Risk
Seizures are listed among the rarer side effects of ayahuasca.9
History & Culture
Indigenous Origins and Archaeological Evidence
Ayahuasca has been used by the indigenous peoples of South America since before recorded history. The word itself derives from Quechuan languages spoken in the Andes, with its name translating to "spirit rope" or "liana of the soul," referring both to the Banisteriopsis caapi vine and the…
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Legality
International
Ayahuasca is not internationally scheduled under the 1961 Single Convention, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, or the 1988 Convention. DMT is in Schedule I of the 1971 Convention, but the INCB states that plant and fungal materials and preparations containing scheduled psychotropics, including ayahuasca, are not under international control.
By Country
United StatesIllegalSchedule I
DMT is listed in Schedule I under 21 C.F.R. § 1308.11, so ayahuasca brews containing DMT are controlled under federal law; unauthorized possession, manufacture, and distribution are prohibited. The plants used to make the brew naturally contain DMT, so their botanical status does not exclude a DMT-containing brew from federal control. RFRA has produced case-specific judicial relief for União do Vegetal and Santo Daime religious practice, rather than a general federal legalization of ayahuasca.
By state
AlaskaIllegalSchedule IIA
CaliforniaIllegalSchedule I
ColoradoDecriminalizedNatural medicine
District of ColumbiaRestrictedLowest enforcement priority
MichiganIllegalSchedule 1
WashingtonIllegalSchedule I
BrazilLegal (regulated)Uso religioso
CONAD Resolution No. 1 of 25 January 2010 restricts ayahuasca use to religious rituals. It sets conditions for its production, storage, distribution, and consumption in that setting and prohibits commercialization or economic advantage from its production or consumption. DMT is separately listed by ANVISA as a prohibited psychotropic substance.
ChileIllegalArtículo 1
Decree No. 867 classifies N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) as a narcotic or psychotropic substance capable of causing serious toxic effects or considerable harm to health for the purposes of article 1 of Law No. 20.000. Law No. 20.000 punishes unauthorized preparation, manufacture, transformation, extraction, possession, and supply of such substances; ayahuasca and its plants are not named.
DenmarkRestrictedListe B
DMT is individually listed in Liste B of Executive Order No. 405 on euphoric substances. Liste B substances may be used only for medical and scientific purposes and controlled activities require authorization; the ayahuasca plants are not separately named.
FranceIllegalStupéfiants
Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, annexe IV323334
In early 2005, Santo Daime initially won a court case permitting use of the tea, as they did not perform chemical extractions and the plants were not scheduled.35 However, four months later, the common botanical ingredients of ayahuasca along with harmala alkaloids were declared stupéfiants (narcotic Schedule I substances), making the tea and its ingredients illegal to possess or use.35 As of 2005, nearly all DMT-containing plants that could be used in ayahuasca preparations became controlled.
ItalyIllegalTabella I
Ministerial Decree of 23 February 202238
Ayahuasca, its extract, ground material, and powder are listed in Tabella I of the controlled-substances tables under Presidential Decree No. 309/1990. The same decree lists Banisteriopsis caapi, Psychotria viridis, harmaline, harmine, and DMT in Tabella I; the listing took effect fifteen days after publication in the Gazzetta Ufficiale.
MexicoIllegalGrupo I
Ley General de Salud41
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is classified in Group I of article 245 of the Ley General de Salud. Article 248 prohibits the article 247 acts, including preparation, possession, commerce, transport, supply, use, and consumption, in relation to Group I substances and products containing them; ayahuasca and its source plants are not named.
New ZealandIllegalClass A
DMT is a Class A controlled drug under Schedule 1 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. The Act defines a controlled drug as a substance, preparation, mixture, or article specified or described in Schedule 1, so an ayahuasca brew containing DMT is controlled; unlicensed possession, procurement, consumption, smoking, or other use is an offence.
PeruLegal; protected cultural heritage
Ayahuasca is legal and formally protected as part of the nation's cultural heritage. When ratifying the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Peru entered a reservation excluding Ayahuasca and San Pedro from international control, citing traditional ritual use by Amazonian peoples.49 On 24 June 2008, the Instituto Nacional de Cultura gave national cultural-heritage status (Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación, or Cultural Heritage of the Nation) to Indigenous communities' traditional ayahuasca knowledge and ceremonial practices.50
PolandIllegalGrupa I-P
Regulation of the Minister of Health on the list of psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs and new psychoactive substances53
DMT is listed in Grupa I-P of the Polish list of psychotropic substances. The controlled-substances framework regulates manufacture, processing, storage, supply, use, purchase, and sale, and permits use of listed substances and preparations only for authorized purposes; the ayahuasca plants are not separately named.
RussiaIllegalList I
Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации от 30.06.1998 № 681 «Об утверждении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации» (консолидированная редакция от 27.07.2025)56
Ayahuasca preparations containing DMT are prohibited in Russia. Government Decree No. 681 places DMT in List I, whose listed substances have prohibited circulation. The decree also extends control to mixtures containing List I narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances regardless of quantity.
South AfricaIllegalPart III
Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992, Schedule 2, as substituted by the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Amendment Act 14 of 20226061
DMT, harmaline, and harmine are listed in Part III of Schedule 2 as undesirable dependence-producing substances. The Act prohibits use, possession, and dealing except under medical and permit-based exceptions, and Part III expressly includes all preparations and mixtures of listed substances or plants; ayahuasca is therefore covered as a DMT-, harmaline-, and harmine-containing preparation.
SwedenIllegalFörteckning I
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine is listed in Förteckning I of the Medical Products Agency's narcotics schedules. The Narcotics Criminal Act criminalizes unauthorized possession, transfer, manufacture, acquisition, and transport of narcotics; the ayahuasca plants are not separately named.
AustraliaIllegalSchedule 9
Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 202617
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is listed in Schedule 9, the Poisons Standard's prohibited-substances schedule. Schedule 9 substances are available only for teaching, training, medical, or scientific research approved by Commonwealth or State or Territory health authorities; enforcement is implemented through State and Territory legislation.
CanadaIllegalSchedule III
Ayahuasca preparations containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) or harmaline are subject to Canada’s Schedule III controlled-substance regime. The Act prohibits possession of a Schedule III substance unless authorized, and also prohibits unauthorized trafficking, importation, exportation, and production. The Minister may grant an exemption under subsection 56(1) on terms and conditions where it is necessary for a medical or scientific purpose or otherwise in the public interest.
ColombiaRestrictedLista Verde Lista I
DMT is included as a substance of special control subject to fiscalización in Annex 1 to Resolution No. 000116 of 2026, classified as Lista Verde, Lista I. Colombia's framework regulates importation, exportation, processing, manufacture, distribution, sale, destruction, and use of listed substances and products containing them; ayahuasca and its plants are not named.
FinlandIllegalLiite II
DMT is listed in Liite II of Government Decree 543/2008. Liite II expressly includes plant powders, grists, and preparations containing DMT when intended for intoxication, covering DMT-containing ayahuasca preparations; the constituent plants are not independently named.
GermanyIllegalAnlage I
N,N-Dimethyltryptamin (DMT) is in Anlage I, the list of non-marketable narcotics, of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz. The statutory schedules apply to listed substances and their preparations, so DMT-containing ayahuasca is controlled; Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis are not listed by name.
JapanIllegalNarcotic
Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw-Material Plants, Psychotropic Drugs, and Narcotic/Psychotropic Raw Materials (Cabinet Order No. 238 of 1990)3940
DMT and its salts are designated narcotics under Cabinet Order No. 238 of 1990. The Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act treats an article containing a listed narcotic as a narcotic, while excluding plants other than designated narcotic raw-material plants and cannabis; a brewed preparation containing DMT is therefore controlled while unlisted botanical material is excluded.
NetherlandsIllegalLijst I
DMT is listed on List I of the Opium Act, which prohibits its importation, preparation, distribution, transport, possession, and manufacture. In 2019, the Supreme Court held that the statutory prohibition on importing ayahuasca is a necessary restriction on religious freedom for protection of health. The 2001 Amsterdam District Court decision does not create a current religious-use authorization.
NorwayIllegalNarkotikalisten
DMT is included in Norway's Narkotikalisten. The Narcotics Regulation prohibits manufacture, acquisition, sale, import, export, storage, possession, and use of listed narcotics; the constituent plants are not separately named.
PhilippinesIllegalSchedule I
DMT is a Schedule I psychotropic substance in the annex to Republic Act No. 9165. The Act defines dangerous drugs to include the attached 1971 Convention schedules and criminalizes unauthorized sale, distribution, transport, possession, and use; an ayahuasca brew containing DMT is therefore a dangerous-drug preparation.
PortugalDecriminalizedTabela II-A
DMT is listed in Tabela II-A of Decree-Law No. 15/93. Acquisition and possession for personal use of a plant, substance, or preparation in Tables I to IV are administrative offences, while trafficking remains criminally regulated and cultivation for personal use remains punishable.
SingaporeIllegalClass A
N,N-dimethyltryptamine is a Class A controlled drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1973. The Act defines a controlled drug to include anything containing a substance listed in the First Schedule, so an ayahuasca preparation containing DMT is controlled even though the constituent plants are not named; unauthorized trafficking, manufacture, import, export, possession, and consumption are offences.
South KoreaIllegalSchedule 3
DMT is a Schedule 3 psychotropic drug under the Enforcement Decree of the Narcotics Control Act. The Act prohibits unauthorized possession, use, transport, import, export, manufacture, receipt, sale, and provision of psychotropic drugs, covering a DMT-containing ayahuasca preparation.
United KingdomIllegalClass A
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a Class A controlled drug. The Regulations control preparations or products containing DMT, so an ayahuasca brew containing DMT is controlled; the constituent plants are not separately named.
References
Source Pages
Disregard Everything I Say
Drug Users Bible by Dominic Milton Trott
Erowid: Ayahuasca Analogues and Pharmahuasca- Erowid: Ayahuasca Vault
- Erowid: DMT Freebase Content in Ayahuasca/Pharmahuasca Preparations
- McKenna et al. 1998 - Scientific Investigation of Ayahuasca
PsychonautWiki: Ayahuasca- PsychonautWiki: Harmala alkaloid
- PsychonautWiki: Peganum harmala
TripSit Factsheet: DMT- TripSit Wiki: Ayahuasca
- TripSit: Drug Combination Chart
Wikipedia
Citations
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Further Reading
Alcohol and Drug Foundation: Ayahuasca
Callaway et al. 1999 - Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans- Nichols 2016 - Psychedelics
- Osório et al. 2015 - Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca
- Palhano-Fontes et al. 2019 - Rapid antidepressant effects of ayahuasca
- Santos et al. 2013 - Safety and side effects of ayahuasca in humans
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