Flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam
Rohypnol, Roofies, Roches, Ruffies, Circles
Flunitrazepam is a potent depressant of the nitro-benzodiazepine class, first synthesized in 1972 by Hoffmann-La Roche. Approximately ten times more potent by weight than diazepam,1 it produces pronounced hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, and amnesic effects.2 It is prescribed in some countries for short-term insomnia treatment and as a preoperative sedative.2 Flunitrazepam is particularly associated with anterograde amnesia31 and carries significant habit-forming potential.
Contents
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Threshold~0.2 mg
Light0.5-1 mg
Moderate1-2 mg
Strong2-4 mg
Heavy4+ mg
Bioavailability
64-77%
Duration
Onset15-30 minutes
After Effects2-24 hours
Total4-8 hours
Half-life
18-26 hours
Subjective Effects
The experience is dominated by rapid-onset, heavy sedation paired with pronounced anxiety relief and muscle relaxation, producing a state frequently compared to alcohol intoxication without the subsequent hangover. Anterograde amnesia is a defining feature: at moderate to high doses, users often cannot form memories of events that occur while under the influence, and complete blackouts are a recognized risk. Some individuals experience paradoxical reactions in which the expected calm is replaced by agitation, disinhibition, aggression, or violent behavior.
Physical
The body feels heavy, relaxed, and profoundly sedated, with loosened muscles and impaired coordination, balance, and speech. Dizziness, gastrointestinal disturbances, and slowed breathing at higher doses round out the physical profile.
Cognitive
The headspace is calm, dampened, and slowed, with feelings and perceptions muted as information flow through the central nervous system is reduced. Mild euphoria and a sense of contentment can accompany the sedation, but concentration suffers, confusion is common, and memory formation becomes unreliable well before unconsciousness.
Emotional
The emotional tone is typically calm and mildly euphoric, though paradoxical reactions can invert this entirely.
Suppressions
Reagent Testing
Loading reagent data
Expected colorimetric results are being prepared.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Flunitrazepam acts as a positive allosteric modulator at the GABA-A receptor via the benzodiazepine binding site, enhancing inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission.4 It shows particularly high affinity for the α-5 subunit of the GABA-A receptor, which is associated with its pronounced amnestic properties. Flunitrazepam also acts as an agonist at the translocator protein, and the anticonvulsant properties of benzodiazepines may additionally involve binding to voltage-gated sodium channels.
Pharmacokinetics
Flunitrazepam is lipophilic and undergoes hepatic metabolism via oxidative pathways, with CYP3A4 serving as the principal enzyme in phase 1 metabolism.5 Oral absorption is approximately 80%,6 with bioavailability reported at 64–77%. The elimination half-life is 18–26 hours,7 and the production of pharmacologically active metabolites further extends the effective duration of action.
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Unsafe
AvoidThere is considerable risk of physical harm when taking these combinations, they should be avoided where possible.
Caution
Use cautionThese combinations are not usually physically harmful, but may produce undesirable effects, such as physical discomfort or overstimulation. Extreme use may cause physical health issues. Synergistic effects may be unpredictable. Care should be taken when choosing to use this combination.
Tolerance
Full Tolerance
Tolerance to sedative-hypnotic effects can emerge quickly, often after only a few days of uninterrupted use.
Cross Tolerance
Benzodiazepines
Baseline Reset
Tolerance returns to baseline within 7-14 days after cessation of use. However, following prolonged or intensive use, this recovery period may be significantly extended in proportion to the duration and intensity of prior consumption.
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
HighFlunitrazepam is described as extremely psychologically addictive with very high dependence potential. Compulsive redosing is commonly reported, and rebound anxiety following use can contribute to cycles of repeated use and dependence.
Physical
Extremely HighPhysical dependence develops with regular use and can become severe. Sudden discontinuation is potentially life-threatening and may result in benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome characterized by seizures, psychosis, insomnia, anxiety, tremors, sweating, nausea, and hallucinations.8 Gradual dose tapering over weeks is essential for safe discontinuation.
Toxicity
Reproductive
Use during late pregnancy, especially at high doses, may result in fetal hypotonia (floppy baby syndrome) due to rapid placental transfer of the drug.9
Psychosis Risk
Paradoxical reactions including anxiety, agitation, confusion, disinhibition, and violent behavior occur rarely during use, with an incidence rate below 1% in the general population. These reactions are more frequent in recreational abusers, individuals with mental disorders, children, and those on high-dose regimes. Psychosis may also emerge as part of benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome following abrupt discontinuation.
Seizure Risk
Flunitrazepam possesses anticonvulsant properties and generally suppresses seizures during use. However, paradoxical seizures may rarely occur, particularly in epileptics. Abrupt discontinuation after regular use poses a serious and potentially life-threatening seizure risk as part of benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome;8 drugs that lower seizure threshold should be avoided during withdrawal.
History & Culture
Discovery and Development
Flunitrazepam was discovered at Hoffmann-La Roche as part of the benzodiazepine research program led by Leo Sternbach. The patent application was filed in 1960 and granted in 1962. Research during this period demonstrated that the specific molecular combination of an N-methyl group and 2-fluoro…
Legality
International
Flunitrazepam is listed in Schedule III of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. It is not listed in the schedules to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
By Country
United StatesIllegalSchedule IV
Flunitrazepam is listed as a Schedule IV depressant in the federal controlled-substances schedules. Federal law makes knowing or intentional possession of a controlled substance unlawful unless it was obtained from a practitioner pursuant to a valid prescription or order, or is otherwise authorized. For flunitrazepam possession, the statute provides a maximum imprisonment term of three years.
By state
Across 56 U.S. states, territories, and the District of Columbia, 45 jurisdictions mirror federal treatment, four remain research gaps, and seven jurisdictions materially diverge: Florida, Idaho, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, Oklahoma, and South Carolina.
FloridaIllegalSchedule I
IdahoIllegalSchedule I
MassachusettsIllegalSchedule IV
MinnesotaIllegalSchedule I
NevadaRestrictedEnhanced penalties
OklahomaIllegalSchedule I
South CarolinaIllegalSchedule IV
AustraliaRestrictedSchedule 8 — Controlled drugs
Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2026) Instrument 2026, Schedule 815
Classified as a controlled drug requiring a valid prescription or license. Unauthorized possession may result in charges of trafficking in a drug of dependence. Only available in 1 mg tablets marketed under the brand name Hypnodorm.16
BrazilPrescription onlyLista B1
Flunitrazepam is listed in Lista B1 of Brazil's Portaria SVS/MS nº 344/1998, the list of psychotropic substances subject to Notificação de Receita B. Dispensing therefore requires the regulated prescription notification; the notification is valid nationally for 30 days and may cover up to 60 days of treatment for non-ampoule formulations.
ChileIllegalArtículo 1
Flunitrazepam is classified in Article 1 of Supreme Decree No. 867 of 2007 as a narcotic or psychotropic substance capable of producing physical or psychological dependence and serious toxic effects or considerable health damage. Chile's Law No. 20.000 makes unauthorized possession of small quantities of substances classified under that article criminal, subject to its statutory medical-treatment and personal-use exceptions.
ColombiaRestrictedLista Verde III
Flunitrazepam is listed in Lista Verde III of Annex 1 to Ministry of Health Resolution No. 000116 of 2026 as a controlled substance subject to fiscalización. Colombia’s controlled-substance regime regulates the importation, exportation, processing, manufacture, distribution, dispensing, purchase, sale, destruction, and use of substances subject to fiscalización.
DenmarkPrescription onlyListe D
Executive Order No. 405 of 26 March 2026 on Euphoriant Substances (Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer), §§ 3 and 6; List D, item 632
Flunitrazepam is listed in List D, item 6 of Denmark's current Executive Order on Euphoriant Substances. The order permits use in Denmark only for medical or scientific purposes, and permits receipt and possession for people or institutions acting under a prescription or requisition, as well as specified authorised medical, pharmacy, research, and licensed channels. It took effect on 29 March 2026, repealing the 2021 order.
FrancePrescription onlyPsychotrope
Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme psychotropes35
Flunitrazepam is listed as a psychotropic substance in France under the ministerial schedule of psychotropic substances. Its supply is therefore subject to the French prescription and dispensing rules for psychotropic medicines.
IndiaIllegalSchedule
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 198539
Flunitrazepam is listed in the Schedule to India's Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, as a psychotropic substance. Section 8 prohibits its production, manufacture, possession, sale, purchase, transport, use, consumption, and import or export except for medical or scientific purposes and as permitted under the Act, rules, or orders.
IrelandPrescription onlySchedule 3
Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2017 (S.I. No. 173 of 2017)42
Flunitrazepam is listed in Schedule 3 of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2017. The Regulations generally prohibit production, supply, import and export of controlled drugs, while allowing possession for medical, dental or veterinary administration in accordance with a practitioner's directions and defined professional supply exemptions.
MexicoPrescription onlyFracción III
Ley General de Salud, artículos 245, fracción III, y 25145
Flunitrazepam is listed among the benzodiazepines in Article 245, fraction III, of Mexico's Ley General de Salud, which identifies psychotropic substances with therapeutic value that pose a public-health concern. Its sale or supply to the public requires a medical prescription bearing the prescriber's professional licence number; the prescription may be dispensed once and must be retained by the dispensing pharmacy.
New ZealandIllegalClass C
Misuse of Drugs Act 1975, Schedule 3 Part 148
Flunitrazepam is a Class C controlled drug listed in Part 1 of Schedule 3 to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. The Act makes possession, supply, manufacture, import, export, and administration of controlled drugs offences unless authorised under the Act.
PhilippinesPrescription onlySchedule III
Flunitrazepam is listed in Schedule III of the Philippines' current controlled-substances list under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. The Act treats substances in its attached 1971 Convention schedules as dangerous drugs and requires authorized practitioners to use the prescribed three-copy prescription process for dangerous drugs. Unauthorised sale, administration, dispensing, delivery, distribution, transport, and possession of a dangerous drug are criminal offences.
PortugalDecriminalizedTabela II-C
Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93, de 22 de janeiro, Tabela II-C; Lei n.º 30/2000, de 29 de novembro, artigo 2.º555657
Flunitrazepam is listed in Tabela II-C of Portugal’s controlled-substances schedules. Under article 2(1) of Lei n.º 30/2000, personal consumption, acquisition, and possession for personal use of substances in Tables I to IV are administrative offences (contraordenações); the controlled-substances regime otherwise remains applicable.
SingaporeIllegalClass C
Misuse of Drugs Act 1973, First Schedule, Class C Drugs59
Flunitrazepam is listed as a Class C drug in the First Schedule to Singapore's Misuse of Drugs Act 1973. The Act defines substances listed in Class C as controlled drugs and makes unauthorised trafficking, possession, manufacture, import, and export offences.
SpainPrescription onlyLista III
Real Decreto 2829/1977, de 6 de octubre, Anexo I, Lista III62
Flunitrazepam is listed in Lista III of Annex I to Spain's Real Decreto 2829/1977. The decree subjects psychotropic substances in Lists II, III, and IV to the national control system; medicinal preparations containing them may be dispensed only on a medical prescription.
SwitzerlandPrescription onlyVerzeichnis b
Betäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung (BetmVV-EDI)64
Flunitrazepam is listed in Verzeichnis b of the Betäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung (BetmVV-EDI), Switzerland's controlled-substances schedules. The listing places it in the Swiss controlled-substances regime as a psychotropic substance available for medical prescription.
UkraineRestrictedList 2
Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 770 of 6 May 200066
Flunitrazepam is listed in Table III, List No. 2 of Ukraine's national list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and precursors. The list classifies it as a psychotropic substance whose circulation is restricted and for which exemptions from certain control measures may be allowed.
ArgentinaRestrictedLista III
Flunitrazepam is listed in Lista III of Argentina's ANMAT directory of controlled psychotropic substances, which identifies Disposición 4855/96 as the governing instrument. The directory classifies flunitrazepam within Argentina's List III psychotropic category.
AustriaPrescription onlyAnlage 1 Z 1
Flunitrazepam is listed in item 1 of Anlage 1 to Austria's Psychotropenverordnung, covering substances and preparations in Schedule III of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The listing requires a Suchtgiftrezept (narcotic prescription) under § 10(3), and benzodiazepine medicines may not be prescribed for repeat dispensing.
CanadaPrescription onlySchedule IV
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, Schedule IV; Benzodiazepines and Other Targeted Substances Regulations, Schedule 1, Part 2 and section 51212223
Flunitrazepam is listed in Schedule IV to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act and in Part 2 of Schedule 1 to the Benzodiazepines and Other Targeted Substances Regulations as a Class 2 targeted substance. A pharmacist may provide a targeted substance to an individual only pursuant to a prescription, subject to the Regulations' dispensing requirements. Authorized possession and supply are therefore regulated through the targeted-substances regime.
ChinaPrescription only第二类精神药品
Flunitrazepam is item 5 in China's Second Category psychotropic substances list under the Catalogue of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (2013 edition). Authorized retail enterprises may sell second-category psychotropic substances only on a licensed physician's prescription, and sales without a prescription or to minors are prohibited.
Czech RepublicPrescription onlySeznam č. 5
Government Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll., on the lists of addictive substances, List 5; Act No. 167/1998 Coll., on addictive substances3031
Flunitrazepam is listed in Seznam č. 5 psychotropních látek (List 5 of psychotropic substances) in Government Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll. The Act on Addictive Substances generally requires a Ministry of Health handling authorization for addictive substances, while allowing specified handling of List 5 substances by pharmacies and health-service providers without that authorization.
FinlandIllegalLista III
Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista 543/2008, liite II, psykotrooppisten aineiden lista III; Huumausainelaki 373/2008, 5 §3334
Flunitrazepam is listed in List III of the psychotropic-substances section of Annex II to Government Decree 543/2008. The decree treats the substances in its annexes I–V as narcotic drugs, and the Narcotics Act prohibits their production, manufacture, import, export, transport, distribution, trade, handling, possession, and use except where the law provides otherwise.
IndonesiaRestrictedGolongan III
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2025 tentang Penetapan dan Perubahan Penggolongan Psikotropika4041
Flunitrazepam is listed as a Group III psychotropic substance under Minister of Health Regulation No. 14 of 2025. Group III psychotropics are recognized for medical treatment and/or scientific purposes and are described as having a moderate potential to cause dependence.
JapanPrescription only向精神薬
Cabinet Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw-Material Plants, Psychotropics, and Narcotic/Psychotropic Raw Materials (Cabinet Order No. 238 of 1990), art. 4(1), item 64; Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, arts. 50-16(4) and 50-174344
Flunitrazepam and its salts are designated as psychotropic drugs under Article 4(1), item 64 of Japan's Cabinet Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw-Material Plants, Psychotropics, and Narcotic/Psychotropic Raw Materials. A psychotropic-drug retailer may supply a psychotropic drug only to a person holding a psychotropic prescription and only as dispensed under that prescription. Manufacture, import, and wholesale supply are separately limited to licensed psychotropic-drug businesses under the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act.
NetherlandsIllegalLijst II
Flunitrazepam is listed in Lijst II of the Opiumwet. Article 3 prohibits importing, exporting, preparing, processing, selling, supplying, transporting, possessing, and manufacturing List II substances. The Minister may grant an exemption from an Article 3 prohibition for public-health, research, contractual, or industrial purposes under Articles 6 and 8.
NorwayPrescription onlyP III
Flunitrazepam is listed as a P III psychotropic substance in Norway's current Narkotikaforskriften. Norwegian law permits the supply and dispensing of narcotics only for medical or scientific use, and prohibits possession or use without lawful access.
PolandIllegalIII-P
Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych, załącznik nr 1, grupa III-P5354
Flunitrazepam is listed as a group III-P psychotropic substance in the Health Minister's controlled-substances regulation. Group III-P psychotropic substances may be used only for medical, industrial, or research purposes; possession contrary to the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction is punishable by up to three years' imprisonment.
RussiaRestrictedList III
Government Resolution No. 681 of 30 June 1998, List III58
Flunitrazepam is listed in List III of Russia’s federal schedule of controlled narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and their precursors. List III restricts circulation and permits exemptions from some control measures only as provided by Russian law and Russia’s international treaties.
South KoreaIllegalSchedule 5
Flunitrazepam is listed as item 59 of Schedule 5 to the Enforcement Decree of the Narcotics Control Act. Schedule 5 covers psychotropic drugs under Article 2(3)(c) of the Act. The Act restricts handling of narcotics, including psychotropic drugs, to authorised channels.
SwedenPrescription onlyFörteckning II
Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika63
Classified more strictly than most other benzodiazepines, which fall under Class 4. Available as a prescription medication in 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg tablet strengths.
ThailandPrescription onlyCategory 2
Ministerial Notification: Specifying Names of Psychotropic Substances in Category 2, B.E. 2565 (2022)65
Flunitrazepam is a Category 2 psychotropic substance under Thailand's Narcotics Code and the Ministerial Notification specifying Category 2 substances. It is used medically for severe insomnia, but may be prescribed only by a physician, dentist, or veterinarian. General pharmacies may not sell it, and facilities dispensing it require authorization to sell Category 2 psychotropic substances.
United KingdomPrescription onlyClass C · Schedule 3
Flunitrazepam is a Class C controlled drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and is listed in Schedule 3 to the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001. Unauthorised possession is unlawful, while its administration and supply on prescription are subject to the controlled-drugs regime.
References
Source Pages
Citations
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