Methylone
3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone
bk-MDMA, M1, MDMC, beta-keto-MDMA
Methylone is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen of the cathinone class. First synthesized by Peyton Jacob III and Alexander Shulgin in 1996 as a potential antidepressant,12 it later gained popularity as a recreational substance.2 Methylone is frequently used as a substitute for MDMA due to overlapping effects,3 though Shulgin himself described it as lacking MDMA's "unique magic," noting it is more stimulating and less empathogenic. It has been commonly mis-sold as MDMA.
Contents
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Threshold~60 mg
Light60-150 mg
Moderate150-225 mg
Strong225-270 mg
Heavy270+ mg
Redosing may not reliably intensify or prolong effects. Maintain adequate hydration throughout the experience.
Duration
Onset15-45 minutes
Come Up15-45 minutes
Peak1-1.5 hours
Offset1-1.5 hours
After Effects6-24 hours
Total2.5-4 hours
Half-life
5.8-6.9 hours
Subjective Effects
Effects vary widely by individual, dose, and context.
Physical
Cognitive
The general head space of methylone is described by many as one of extreme mental stimulation, feelings of love or empathy and powerful euphoria. It contains a large number of typical psychedelic, entactogenic and stimulant cognitive effects.
Visual
Reagent Testing
Loading reagent data
Expected colorimetric results are being prepared.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Methylone acts as a mixed releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.4 Its serotonin transporter affinity (Ki of 242.1 nM) is roughly 3-fold lower than that of MDMA, while its norepinephrine and dopamine transporter affinities are comparable; its VMAT2 affinity is approximately 13-fold lower, contributing to a profile that balances reuptake inhibition with monoamine release rather than acting as a predominant releaser.45 Methylone is also a variable-potency partial agonist at 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT1D receptors and shows no significant activity at 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B receptors.67 Its activity at 5-HT2C is uncertain, with one study reporting no significant affinity and another finding potent near-full agonism via the Gαq signaling pathway.7
Pharmacokinetics
In humans, the mean elimination half-life of methylone following oral doses of 50 to 200 mg ranges from 5.8 to 6.9 hours.8 The two major metabolic pathways are N-demethylation to methylenedioxycathinone (MDC) and demethylation followed by O-methylation, producing 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethcathinone (HMMC) and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxymethcathinone (3-OH-4-MeO-MC).9 An additional metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxymethcathinone (HHMC), has also been identified.9 In rats administered 5 mg/kg, approximately 26% was excreted as HMMC within 48 hours, with less than 3% excreted unchanged.9
Dangerous
Highest riskThese combinations are considered extremely harmful and should always be avoided. Reactions to these drugs taken in combination are highly unpredictable and have a potential to cause death.
Tolerance
Full Tolerance
Many effects can become tolerant rapidly with sustained repeated use, so comparable results may require higher doses.
Baseline Reset
3-6 weeks
Half Tolerance
1-3 weeks
Cross Tolerance
Dopaminergic stimulants
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
ModerateChronic use of methylone can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users.10 Compulsive redosing is commonly reported, likely promoted by the substance's time compression effects which speed up the subjective experience.
Physical
LowWhen addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. The nature and severity of withdrawal symptoms have not been well characterized.
Toxicity
Cardiovascular
Higher doses and repeated use have been associated with chest pains, heart palpitations, and elevated blood pressure and heart rate; worrying cardiovascular increases have been reported at doses exceeding 180-200 mg.2
Central Nervous System
Thermoregulatory
Temperature regulation suppression and increased body temperature occur during use, with hyperthermia risk elevated during physical activity in hot environments such as dance venues.4
Psychosis Risk
Abuse at high dosages for prolonged periods can potentially result in stimulant psychosis presenting with paranoia, hallucinations, or delusions. Based on research into similar stimulants, approximately 5-15% of those who develop stimulant psychosis may not recover completely,13 though antipsychotic medications effectively resolve symptoms of acute psychosis. Psychosis very rarely arises from occasional or moderate use.
Seizure Risk
Limited data on seizure risk from methylone use alone.
History & Culture
Discovery and Development
Methylone was first synthesized by chemists Peyton Jacob III and Alexander Shulgin in the mid-1990s, with the compound first described in scientific literature by 1996.1 The synthesis occurred after the publication of Shulgin's PiHKAL in 1991, and consequently methylone was…
Legality
International
Methylone is listed in Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. It is not listed under the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
By Country
United StatesIllegalSchedule I
The DEA issued an emergency scheduling order on October 21, 2011,104 followed by a final rule permanently adding methylone to Schedule I on April 12, 2013.105 Manufacturing, possession, and distribution without a DEA license is prohibited. Prior to federal action, numerous states including Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, and Pennsylvania enacted their own emergency bans on methylone as part of 'bath salts' legislation beginning in early 2011.
By state
Across the 50 states, D.C., and the permanent territories, most jurisdictions treat methylone consistently with federal Schedule I control; listed entries record independently verified differences in state classification or coverage.
ColoradoIllegalCathinones
LouisianaIllegalSchedule I
MassachusettsIllegalClass C controlled substance
AustraliaIllegalSchedule 9 — Prohibited substances
Methylone is expressly listed as "METHYLONE * (MDMC)" in Schedule 9; the Index cross-references methylone to CAS No. 186028-79-5 and MDMC hydrochloride (CAS No. 186028-80-8), so this is direct control of the substance rather than analog or product-only coverage. The June 2026 Instrument is the current Poisons Standard, commenced on 1 June 2026, and repealed the February 2026 Instrument. Schedule 9 describes substances whose manufacture, possession, supply, or use should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or analytical, teaching, or training purposes with Commonwealth and/or State or Territory health-authority approval. The Standard says that State and Territory implementation may vary, so the applicable operational controls are implemented through the relevant jurisdiction's law.
BelgiumIllegalAnnexe IIB
Royal Decree of 6 September 2017 regulating narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and soporific substances2526
Methylone (bk-MDMA) is listed in Annexe IIB of Belgium's Royal Decree of 6 September 2017 regulating narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and soporific substances, in force from its publication on 26 September 2017. Importation, export, transport, manufacture, production, possession, sale, supply and acquisition require prior activity authorization; authorizations are limited to scientific or medical purposes.
CanadaUnclear/Possibly unscheduledCitation needed
Not explicitly listed on the schedules of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Health Canada has suggested it may fall under amphetamine analogue provisions; however, methylone bears the same chemical distinction from amphetamine as cathinone does, and cathinone is specifically not considered an amphetamine analogue, creating legal ambiguity.
ColombiaRestrictedLista II
Colombia lists methylone (metilona) in Lista Verde, Lista II, of Anexo Técnico 1 to Resolución No. 000116 de 2026. The resolution, in force from 27 January 2026, places the substance in Colombia’s special-control and fiscalization regime; the resolution’s transitional provisions require registration for the regulated import, export, processing, synthesis, manufacture, distribution, purchase, sale, and use of substances newly incorporated in the annex.
Czech RepublicIllegalSeznam č. 4
Methylone, listed as Methylon (bk-MDMA), is a psychotropic substance in List No. 4 of Government Regulation No. 463/2013 Coll., on lists of addictive substances. Under the Addictive Substances Act, substances in Lists No. 3 and No. 4, and preparations containing them, may be used only for limited research, scientific, and very limited therapeutic purposes specified in a handling permit. The Act requires a handling permit unless it expressly provides otherwise, so unlicensed handling is prohibited.
EstoniaIllegalI NIMEKIRI
Narkootiliste ja psühhotroopsete ainete nimekirjad ning nende ainete meditsiinilisel ja teaduslikul eesmärgil käitlemine4041
Added to Schedule I in February 2011 alongside several other cathinone derivatives and synthetic cannabinoids.
GermanyIllegalAnlage II
Anlage II, Betäubungsmittelgesetz44
Listed under Anlage II of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz (Narcotics Act) as of July 2012.44 Manufacturing, possession, import, export, purchase, sale, procurement, and dispensing without a license is illegal.
IndonesiaIllegalNarkotika Golongan I
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 15 Tahun 2025 tentang Perubahan Penggolongan Narkotika4748
Methylone is listed as Metilon (MDMC) in the Narkotika Golongan I schedule of Minister of Health Regulation No. 15 of 2025, which took effect on 28 November 2025. Group I narcotics may be used only for the development of science and are not used in therapy, placing methylone outside lawful therapeutic use.
JapanIllegal麻薬
Japan designates methylone, 2-(methylamino)-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-one, and its salts as narcotics under the Cabinet Order Designating Narcotics, Narcotic Raw Materials Plants, Psychotropics and Narcotic/Psychotropic Raw Materials. The designation took effect on 3 August 2012; the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act criminalizes unauthorized import, export, manufacture, transfer, acquisition, and possession of narcotics, subject to its licensed-handler regime.
New ZealandClass C (by interpretation)Citation needed
Not explicitly scheduled under the Misuse of Drugs Act and falls outside the strict definition of an 'amphetamine analogue,' but law enforcement authorities consider it 'substantially similar' to methcathinone and treat it as a Class C controlled substance.
PolandIllegalII-P
Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych (tekst jedn. Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1139), załącznik nr 1, część 2, lp. 62; ustawa o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii (tekst jedn. Dz.U. 2023 poz. 1939), art. 33 ust. 15960616263
Methylone is expressly listed by name, with the synonyms 3,4-metylenodioksymetkatynon and bk-MDMA, as item 62 of the II-P psychotropic-substances schedule; this is direct scheduling of the substance, not analog coverage. It was moved from I-P to II-P by the 2019 amendment, which entered into force on 27 September 2019. Under Article 33(1) of the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction, II-P psychotropic substances may be used only for medical, industrial, or research purposes. The 2025 and 2026 schedule amendments do not alter item 62.
RussiaIllegalСписок I
Government Resolution No. 681 of 30 June 1998, as amended by Government Resolution No. 578 of 29 July 2010686970
Classified as a Schedule I prohibited substance under Russian drug control legislation.71
Slovak RepublicIllegalI. skupina
Controlled substance as of March 1, 2011, scheduled alongside other synthetic cathinones and cannabinoid receptor agonists.
SpainRestrictedLista II
Real Decreto 2829/1977, de 6 de octubre, Anexo I, Lista II, núm. 24 (texto consolidado vigente; inclusión por Orden SSI/748/2016, de 11 de mayo)8283
El texto consolidado vigente del Real Decreto 2829/1977 enumera expresamente la metilona en la Lista II de su anexo I; la Orden SSI/748/2016 la añadió, junto con sus variantes estereoquímicas, racematos y sales cuando sea posible, y entró en vigor el 19 de mayo de 2016. La Lista II somete la fabricación, tráfico, importación y exportación a autorización y registro, y la dispensación farmacéutica de la sustancia a receta para fórmula magistral; las actuaciones sin la autorización o inscripción exigida se tipifican como infracción muy grave. La prohibición general del artículo 2 se limita a las sustancias de la Lista I, por lo que la clasificación correcta de esta sustancia de Lista II es control restringido, no prohibición general.
SwitzerlandIllegalVerzeichnis d
Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien (Betäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung, BetmVV-EDI; SR 812.121.11)87888990
Specifically named as a controlled substance under Verzeichnis D of Swiss narcotics legislation.
UkraineIllegalСписок № 2
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Resolution No. 770 of 6 May 2000, as amended by Resolution No. 4 of 5 January 201194959697
Methylone (bk-MDMA) is an especially dangerous psychotropic substance in Table I, List No. 2 of Ukraine's national list, where circulation is prohibited. Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 4 added methylone to that list and entered into force on 12 January 2011. Ukraine's Criminal Code criminalizes unlawful production, manufacture, acquisition, storage, transport, dispatch, and sale of psychotropic substances.
ArgentinaIllegalAnexo I
El Anexo I vigente del Decreto 560/2019, sustituido por el Decreto 122/2026, incluye individualmente a la metilona. El Decreto 122/2026 fue publicado el 2 de marzo de 2026 y entró en vigencia al día siguiente. Conforme al artículo 2 del Decreto 560/2019, las sustancias del Anexo I son estupefacientes a los efectos del artículo 77 del Código Penal; la Ley 23.737 regula y sanciona, sin autorización o con destino ilegítimo, la producción, fabricación, comercio, distribución, suministro y tenencia de estupefacientes.
AustriaIllegalIV.1.
Prohibited under the Suchtmittelgesetz (Narcotics Act) since June 26, 2019. Possession, production, and sale are illegal.
BrazilIllegalLista F2
Portaria SVS/MS nº 344, de 12 de maio de 1998, as amended by RDC nº 6, de 18 de fevereiro de 20142728
Listed as a controlled substance under Portaria SVS/MS nº 344. Added to national controls on February 18, 2014, alongside several other synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines.
ChileIllegalArtículo 1º
Decreto Supremo N.º 1.524 de 2015, Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública (modifica el Decreto Supremo N.º 867 de 2007, Reglamento de la Ley N.º 20.000)2930
Since 30 January 2016, methylone has been listed as a narcotic or psychotropic substance in Article 1 of Supreme Decree No. 867's regulation of Law No. 20,000. Under Law No. 20,000, unauthorised manufacture and trafficking—including import, export, transport, acquisition, transfer, supply, keeping, and carrying—of Article 1 substances are offences; small-quantity possession is exempt only when justified as personal, exclusive, and proximate use or medical treatment.
CroatiaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Odjeljak 1
Popis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga (NN 19/2023), as amended by NN 154/2024333435
Reportedly outlawed in February 2011 under national drug control legislation.
DenmarkIllegalListe B
Illegal since February 8, 2008, with exceptions permitted only for scientific and medicinal research purposes.
FinlandIllegallista II
Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista (543/2008)4243
Listed on the Finnish controlled substances schedule in the hard-drug category, carrying penalties associated with serious drug offenses.
IndiaIllegalSchedule
Notification S.O. 2374(E) under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (12 July 2016)4546
Methylone (beta-keto-MDMA) is a psychotropic substance listed in the Schedule to India’s Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, by Notification S.O. 2374(E) of 12 July 2016. The Act prohibits production, manufacture, possession, sale, purchase, transport, use, import, export, and transshipment of psychotropic substances except for medical or scientific purposes and as authorised by the Act, rules, or orders. The notification identifies methylone as (RS)-2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-one.
IrelandIllegalSchedule 1
Methylone is designated in Schedule 1 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 (Controlled Drugs) (Designation) Order 2022 under the chemical name 2-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-one. Manufacture, production, preparation, sale, supply, distribution, and possession are unlawful except for licensed research or other specified special purposes. Ireland first added this substance to the designated Schedule 1 list on 11 May 2010, and the current 2022 order continues that designation.
NetherlandsIllegalLijst I
Besluit van 9 november 2015, houdende wijziging van lijst I, behorende bij de Opiumwet, in verband met plaatsing op deze lijst van de middelen 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, JWH-018, AM-2201 en methylon5455
Covered under the Medicine Act (Geneesmiddelenwet). Since methylone is not officially registered as an approved pharmaceutical, trading in the substance is prohibited. Previously available in smartshops until April 2005 when the Public Health Minister declared it illegal.
NorwayIllegalP II
Methylone is listed as bk-MDMA in Norway's Narkotikalisten under P II, with the list directing it to section 5 of the narcotics regulation. Section 5 prohibits its manufacture, acquisition, supply, import, export, storage, possession, and use; methylone was added to the national list with immediate effect on 16 December 2013.
PortugalDecriminalizedTabela II-A
Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93, Tabela II-A, as amended by Lei n.º 7/2017; Lei n.º 30/2000, artigo 2.º, as amended by Lei n.º 55/202364656667
Lei n.º 7/2017 added the exact substance Metilona (beta-ceto-MDMA) to Tabela II-A of Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93, effective 3 March 2017. Consumption and acquisition or possession for personal use of substances in those tables are administrative offences under Lei n.º 30/2000; since Lei n.º 55/2023 took effect on 1 October 2023, an amount above ten days' average individual use is only evidence that the purpose may not be personal use, not a fixed exclusion from that regime. If exclusive personal use is established above that amount, the judicial authority must dismiss, decline to indict, or acquit as applicable and refer the person to the dissuasion commission. The personal-use rule does not remove methylone from Tabela II-A or legalize trafficking or other unauthorized handling.
SingaporeIllegal (analog/blanket ban)Class A drug
Singapore’s First Schedule classifies methylone as a Class A controlled drug through paragraph 16’s generic cathinone provision, which expressly gives methylone as an example and covers the listed compounds’ salts, stereoisomers, and preparations or products containing them. The provision took effect on 1 May 2014 and remains in the current consolidated Schedule. The Act makes unauthorised possession or consumption, trafficking, manufacture, and import or export of a controlled drug offences; Part 2A is not the basis because the Fifth Schedule excludes controlled drugs from its psychoactive-substance definition.
South KoreaIllegal (analog/blanket ban)별표 3
Methylone is controlled as a methcathinone analogue under Annex 3, which implements the Act’s category 3(a) psychotropic drugs. The Annex’s structural definition covers methylone’s N-methylcathinone core and fused 1,3-benzodioxole aryl group. The current Decree is effective 1 February 2026, and the Narcotics Control Act prohibits an unlicensed person from possessing, using, importing, exporting, manufacturing, transferring, selling, or offering a psychotropic drug.
ThailandIllegalประเภท 1
Ministerial Notification of the Ministry of Public Health Re: Specifying Names of Category 1 Narcotics B.E. 2565 (2022)919293
Methylone (เมทิโลน) is a Category 1 narcotic under the Ministerial Notification of the Ministry of Public Health Re: Specifying Names of Category 1 Narcotics B.E. 2565 (2022). The notification took effect thirty days after its 25 October 2022 publication in the Royal Gazette. Unauthorized production, import, export, sale, or possession of a Category 1 narcotic is an offence; the Food and Drug Administration states that the ordinary unauthorized conduct carries up to 15 years’ imprisonment and a fine of up to 1,500,000 baht.
United Arab EmiratesIllegalSchedule 5
Federal Decree-Law No. 30 of 2021 on Combating Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Schedule 59899
Methylone is listed under its chemical name, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1-one, in Schedule 5 to the United Arab Emirates’ Federal Decree-Law No. 30 of 2021. In force from 2 January 2022, Article 10 prohibits its import, export, transfer, production, manufacture, bringing into the country, possession, acquisition, and other dealings, subject to the law’s controlled medical-use and scientific-research exceptions.
References
Source Pages
Bluelight: The Big & Dandy bk-MDMA (Methylone) Thread
Disregard Everything I Say
Drug Users Bible by Dominic Milton Trott
Erowid- Erowid Methylone Vault: Dosage
- Erowid Methylone Vault: Effects
Isomer Design (TiHKAL/PiHKAL)
PsychonautWiki
TripSit Factsheet: Methylone- TripSit Factsheets
- TripSit Wiki: Drug Combinations
Wikipedia
Citations
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