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      Thought deceleration

      Thought deceleration (also known as bradyphrenia) [1] is the process of thought being slowed down significantly in comparison to that of normal sobriety. When experiencing this effect, it will feel as if the time it takes to think a thought and the amount of time which occurs between each thought has been slowed down to the point of greatly impairing cognitive processes. It can manifest itself in delayed recognition, slower reaction times, and fine motor skills deficits.

      Thought deceleration is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as analysis suppression and sedation in a manner which not only decreases the person's speed of thought, but also significantly decreases the sharpness of a person's mental clarity. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of depressant compounds, such as GABAergics [2] [3] [4] , antipsychotics [5] , and opioids [6] [7] [8] . However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of heavy dosages of hallucinogens such as psychedelics [9] , dissociatives [10] , deliriants [4] [11] , and cannabinoids [12] [13] [14] [15] .

      References

      1. Levin, E. D., Wilson, W., Rose, J. E., & McEvoy, J. (1996). Nicotine–haloperidol interactions and cognitive performance in schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology, 15(5), 429. | https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0893-133X%2896%2900018-8
      2. Vermeeren, A., Muntjewerff, N. D., Quint, P. J., O'Hanlon, J. F., Jackson, J. L., & Harrison, E. M. (1995). Comparison of acute alprazolam (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg) effects versus those of lorazepam 2 mg and placebo on memory in healthy volunteers using laboratory and telephone tests. Psychopharmacology, 118(1), 1-9. | https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02245243
      3. Johannes, S., Wieringa, B. M., Nager, W., Dengler, R., & Münte, T. F. (2001). Oxazepam alters action monitoring. Psychopharmacology, 155(1), 100-106. | https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002130100680
      4. [1][2]         Semlitsch, H. V., Anderer, P., & Saletu, B. (1995). Acute effects of the anxiolytics suriclone and alprazolam on cognitive information processing utilizing topographic mapping of event-related brain potentials (P300) in healthy subjects. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 49(3), 183-191. | https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00192378
      5. Naber, D. (2008). Subjective effects of antipsychotic drugs and their relevance for compliance and remission. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 17(3), 174-176. | https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1121189X00001238
      6. Kurita, G. P., Lundorff, L., de Mattos Pimenta, C. A., & Sjøgren, P. (2009). The cognitive effects of opioids in cancer: a systematic review. Supportive Care in Cancer, 17(1), 11-21. | https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00520-008-0497-y
      7. Twillman, R. K., Long, T. D., Cathers, T. A., & Mueller, D. W. (1999). Treatment of painful skin ulcers with topical opioids. Journal of pain and symptom management, 17(4), 288-292. | https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0885-3924%2898%2900140-7
      8. Ersek, M., Cherrier, M. M., Overman, S. S., & Irving, G. A. (2004). The cognitive effects of opioids. Pain Management Nursing, 5(2), 75-93. | https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pmn.2003.11.002
      9. Kaelen, M., Giribaldi, B., Raine, J., Evans, L., Timmerman, C., Rodriguez, N., ... & Carhart-Harris, R. (2018). The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy. Psychopharmacology, 235(2), 505-519. | https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-017-4820-5
      10. Freyd, J. J., Martorello, S. R., Alvarado, J. S., Hayes, A. E., & Christman, J. C. (1998). Cognitive environments and dissociative tendencies: Performance on the standard Stroop task for high versus low dissociators. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 12(7), S91-S103. | https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-0720%28199812%2912%3A7%3CS91%3A%3AAID-ACP599%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Z
      11. Nebes, R. D., Pollock, B. G., Halligan, E. M., Houck, P., & Saxton, J. A. (2011). Cognitive slowing associated with elevated serum anticholinergic activity in older individuals is decreased by caffeine use. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(2), 169-175. | https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJGP.0b013e3181e4490d
      12. Crean, R. D., Crane, N. A., & Mason, B. J. (2011). An evidence based review of acute and long-term effects of cannabis use on executive cognitive functions. Journal of addiction medicine, 5(1), 1. | https://doi.org/10.1097%2FADM.0b013e31820c23fa
      13. Tapert, S. F., Schweinsburg, A. D., & Brown, S. A. (2008). The influence of marijuana use on neurocognitive functioning in adolescents. Current drug abuse reviews, 1(1), 99-111. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825218/
      14. Bhattacharyya, S., & Sendt, K. V. (2012). Neuroimaging evidence for cannabinoid modulation of cognition and affect in man. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 6, 22. | https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnbeh.2012.00022
      15. Roberto, A. J., Lorenzo, A., Li, K. J., Young, J., Mohan, A., Pinnaka, S., & Lapidus, K. A. (2016). First-episode of synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis in a young adult, successfully managed with hospitalization and risperidone. Case reports in psychiatry, 2016. | https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F7257489

      Tags

      antipsychotic
      cognitive
      depressant
      suppression

      Contributors

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